Publication 463 |
2000 Tax Year |
Chapter 4 Local Transportation Expenses
This chapter discusses expenses you can deduct for local business
transportation. This includes the cost of transportation by air, rail,
bus, taxi, etc., and the cost of driving and maintaining your car.
Local transportation expenses include the ordinary and necessary
costs of all of the following.
- Getting from one workplace to another in the course of your
business or profession when you are traveling within the city or
general area that is your tax home. Tax home is defined in chapter
1.
- Visiting clients or customers.
- Going to a business meeting away from your regular
workplace.
- Getting from your home to a temporary workplace when you
have one or more regular places of work. These temporary workplaces
can be either within the area of your tax home or outside that
area.
Local business transportation does not include
expenses you have while traveling away from home overnight. Those
expenses are deductible as travel expenses which are discussed in
chapter 1. However, if you use your car while traveling away from home
overnight, use the rules in this chapter to figure your car expense
deduction. See Car Expenses, later.
Illustration of local transportation.
Figure B illustrates the rules for when you can deduct
local transportation expenses when you have a regular or main job away
from your home. You may want to refer to it when deciding whether you
can deduct your local business transportation expenses.
Temporary work location.
If you have one or more regular places of business away from your
home and you commute to a temporary work location in the same trade or
business, you can deduct the expenses of the daily round-trip
transportation between your home and the temporary location.
If your employment at a work location is realistically expected to
last (and does in fact last) for 1 year or less, the employment is
temporary unless there are facts and circumstances that would indicate
otherwise. If your employment at a work location is realistically
expected to last for more than 1 year or if there is no realistic
expectation that the employment will last for 1 year or less, the
employment is not temporary, regardless of whether it actually lasts
for more than 1 year. If employment at a work location initially is
realistically expected to last for 1 year or less, but at some later
date the employment is realistically expected to last more than 1
year, that employment will be treated as temporary (unless there are
facts and circumstances that would indicate otherwise) until your
expectation changes. It will not be treated as temporary after the
date you determine it will last more than 1 year.
Temporary employment was formerly defined as employment on an
irregular or short-term basis (generally a matter of days or weeks).
You can file an amended return on Form 1040X, Amended U.S.
Individual Income Tax Return, for any year that is affected by
this change. However, you generally must file the amended return
within three years from the time you filed the original return or
within two years from the time you paid the tax, whichever is later.
If the temporary work location is beyond the general area of your
regular place of work and you stay overnight, you are traveling away
from home. You may have deductible travel expenses as discussed in
chapter 1.
No regular place of work.
If you have no regular place of work but ordinarily work in the
metropolitan area where you live, you can deduct daily transportation
costs between home and a temporary work site outside that
metropolitan area. Generally, a metropolitan area includes the area
within the city limits and the suburbs that are considered part of
that metropolitan area. You cannot deduct daily transportation costs
between your home and temporary work sites within your
metropolitan area. These are nondeductible commuting costs.
Two places of work.
If you work at two places in one day, whether or not for the same
employer, you can deduct the expense of getting from one workplace to
the other. However, if for some personal reason you do not go directly
from one location to the other, you cannot deduct more than the amount
it would have cost you to go directly from the first location to the
second. Transportation expenses you have in going between home and a
part-time job on a day off from your main job are commuting expenses.
You cannot deduct them.
Armed Forces reservists.
A meeting of an Armed Forces reserve unit is a second place of
business if the meeting is held on a day on which you work at your
regular job. You can deduct the expense of getting from one workplace
to the other as just discussed under Two places of work.
You usually cannot deduct the expense if the reserve meeting is
held on a day on which you do not work at your regular job. In this
case, your transportation generally is a nondeductible commuting cost.
However, you can deduct your transportation expenses if the location
of the meeting is temporary and you have one or more regular places of
work.
If you ordinarily work in a particular metropolitan area but not at
any specific location and the reserve meeting is held at a temporary
location outside that metropolitan area, you can deduct your
transportation expenses.
If you travel away from home overnight to attend a guard or reserve
meeting, you can deduct your travel expenses. These expenses are
discussed in chapter 1.
Commuting expenses.
You cannot deduct the costs of taking a bus, trolley, subway, or
taxi, or of driving a car between your home and your main or regular
place of work. These costs are personal commuting expenses. You cannot
deduct commuting expenses no matter how far your home is from your
regular place of work. You cannot deduct commuting expenses even if
you work during the commuting trip.
Example.
You had a telephone installed in your car. You sometimes use that
telephone to make business calls while commuting to and from work.
Sometimes business associates ride with you to and from work, and you
have a business discussion in the car. These activities do not change
the trip from personal to business. You cannot deduct your commuting
expenses.
Parking fees.
Fees you pay to park your car at your place of business are
nondeductible commuting expenses. You can, however, deduct
business-related parking fees when visiting a customer or client.
Advertising display on car.
Putting display material that advertises your business on your car
does not change the use of your car from personal use to business use.
If you use this car for commuting or other personal uses, you still
cannot deduct your expenses for those uses.
Car pools.
You cannot deduct the cost of using your car in a nonprofit car
pool. Do not include payments you receive from the passengers in your
income. These payments are considered reimbursements of your expenses.
However, if you operate a car pool for a profit, you must include
payments from passengers in your income. You can then deduct your car
expenses (using the rules in this publication).
Hauling tools or instruments.
Hauling tools or instruments in your car while commuting to and
from work does not make your car expenses deductible. However, you can
deduct any additional costs you have for hauling tools or instruments
(such as for renting a trailer you tow with your car).
Union members' trips from a union hall.
If you get your work assignments at a union hall and then go to
your place of work, the costs of getting from the union hall to your
place of work are nondeductible commuting expenses. Although you need
the union to get your work assignments, you are employed where you
work, not where the union hall is located.
Office in the home.
If you have an office in your home that qualifies as a
principal place of business, you can deduct your daily
transportation costs between your home and another work location in
the same trade or business. (See Publication 587,
Business Use of
Your Home, for information on determining if your home office
qualifies as a principal place of business.)
If your home office does not qualify as a principal place of
business, follow the general rules explained earlier in this chapter.
Also, see Example 1 and Example 3, next.
Examples of deductible local transportation.
The following examples show when you can deduct local
transportation expenses based on the location of your work and your
home.
Example 1.
You regularly work in an office in the city where you live. Your
employer sends you to a one-week training session at a different
office in the same city. You travel directly from your home to the
training location and return each day. You can deduct the cost of your
daily round-trip transportation between your home and the training
location.
Example 2.
Your principal place of business is in your home. You can deduct
the cost of round-trip transportation between your qualifying home
office and your client's or customer's place of business.
Example 3.
You have no regular office, and you do not have an office in your
home. In this case, the location of your first business contact is
considered your office. Transportation expenses between your home and
this first contact are nondeductible commuting expenses.
Transportation expenses between your last business contact and your
home are also nondeductible commuting expenses. Although you cannot
deduct the costs of these trips, you can deduct the costs of going
from one client or customer to another.
Car Expenses
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