Publication 505 |
2000 Tax Year |
Regular Method for Figuring the Penalty
You must use the regular method in Part IV of Form 2210
to figure your penalty for underpayment of estimated tax if any of the
following apply to you.
- You paid one or more estimated tax payments on a date other
than the due date.
- You paid at least one, but less than four, installments of
estimated tax.
- You paid estimated tax payments in unequal amounts.
- You use the annualized income installment method to figure
your underpayment for each payment period.
- You use your actual withholding during each payment period
to figure your payments.
If you use the regular method, figure your underpayment for each
payment period in Section A, then figure your penalty for each payment
period in Section B.
Figuring Your Underpayment
(Section A of Part IV)
Figure your underpayment of estimated tax for each payment period
in Section A following the line-by-line instructions. Complete each
line for a payment period column before completing the next column.
Required installment.
Your required payment for each payment period (line 22) is usually
one-fourth of your required annual payment (Part II, line 14).
However, if you are using the annualized income installment method
(described later), first complete Schedule AI (Form 2210), and then
enter the amounts from line 26 of that schedule on line 22 of Form
2210.
Payments.
On line 23, enter in each column the total of:
- Your estimated tax paid after the due date for the previous
column and by the due date shown, and
- One-fourth of your withholding.
For special rules for figuring your payments, see the
instructions for Form 2210.
If you file Form 1040, your withholding is the amount on line 58,
plus any excess social security or railroad retirement tax withholding
on line 61. If you file Form 1040A, your withholding is the amount on
line 36, plus any excess social security or railroad retirement tax
withholding included in the total on line 40.
Actual withholding method.
Instead of using one-fourth of your withholding to figure your
payments, you can choose to establish how much was actually withheld
by the due dates and use those amounts. You can make this choice
separately for the tax withheld from your wages and for all other
withholding.
Using your actual withholding may result in a smaller penalty if
most of your withholding occurred early in the year.
If you use your actual withholding, you must check the box on line
1c, Part I of Form 2210 and complete Form 2210 and file it with your
return.
Calendar to determine number of days a payment is late
Regular Installment Method
The filled-in form for the following example is shown at the end of
this chapter. Example 4.6.
Ben Brown's 2000 total tax (Form 1040, line 57) is $7,031, the
total of his $4,685 income tax and $2,346 self-employment tax. (His
1999 AGI was less than $150,000.) He does not owe any other taxes or
claim any credits other than for withholding. His 1999 tax was $6,116.
Ben's employer withheld $3,228 income tax during 2000. Ben made no
estimated tax payment for either the first or second period, but he
paid $1,000 each on September 2, 2000, and January 12, 2001, for the
third and fourth periods. Because the total of his withholding and
estimated tax payments, $5,228 ($3,228 + $1,000 + $1,000), was less
than 90% of his 2000 tax ($7,031), and was also less than his 1999 tax
($6,116), Ben knows he owes a penalty for underpayment of estimated
tax. He decides to figure the penalty on Form 2210 and pay it with his
$1,803 tax balance ($7,031 - $5,228) when he files his tax
return on April 16, 2001.
Ben's required annual payment (Part II, line 14) is $6,116. Because
his income and withholding were distributed evenly throughout the
year, Ben enters one-fourth of his required annual payment, $1,529, in
each column of line 22. On line 23, he enters one-fourth of his
withholding, $807 in the first two columns and $1,807 ($807 plus
$1,000 estimated tax payment) in the last two columns.
Ben has an underpayment (line 29) for each payment period even
though his withholding and estimated tax payments for the third and
fourth periods were more than his required installments (line 22).
This is because the estimated tax payments made in the third and
fourth periods are first applied to underpayments for the earlier
periods. Example 4.8 illustrates completion of Part IV,
Section B, of Ben's Form 2210.
Annualized Income Installment Method (Schedule AI)
If you did not receive your income evenly throughout the year (for
example, your income from a repair shop you operated was much larger
in the summer than it was during the rest of the year), you may be
able to lower or eliminate your penalty by figuring your underpayment
using the annualized income installment method. Under this method,
your required installment (line 22) for one or more payment periods
may be less than one-fourth of your required annual payment.
To figure your underpayment using this method, complete Schedule AI
of Form 2210. The schedule annualizes your tax at the end of each
payment period based on your income, deductions, and other items
relating to events that occurred since the beginning of the tax year
through the end of the period.
If you use the annualized income installment method, you must check
the box on line 1b of Form 2210. You also must attach Form 2210 and
Schedule AI to your return.
If you use Schedule A1 for any payment due date, you must use it
for all payment due dates.
Completing Schedule AI of Form 2210.
Follow your Form 2210 instructions to complete Schedule AI. For
each period shown on Schedule AI, figure your income and deductions
based on your method of accounting. If you use the cash method of
accounting (used by most people), include all income actually or
constructively received during the period and all deductions actually
paid during the period.
Note.
Each period includes amounts from the previous period(s).
- Period (a) includes items for January through
March.
- Period (b) includes items for January through
May.
- Period (c) includes items for January through
August.
- Period (d) includes items for the entire year.
Example 4.7.
The facts are the same as in Example 4.6, except that
Ben did not receive his income evenly throughout the year. Therefore,
he decides to figure his required installment for each period (line 22
of Form 2210) using the annualized income installment method.
Ben's filled-in Schedule AI and Part IV of Form 2210 using this
method are shown at the end of this chapter. Ben's wages during 2000 were $21,000 ($1,750 a month). His net
earnings from a business he started during the year were $16,600,
received as follows:
April through May |
$4,600 |
June through August |
4,000 |
September through December |
8,000 |
Before Ben can figure his adjusted gross income for each period
(line 1 of Schedule AI), he must figure his deduction for
self-employment tax for each period. He completes Part II of Schedule
AI first.
Ben had no self-employment income for the first period, so he
leaves the lines in that column blank. His self-employment income was
$4,600 for the second period, $8,600 ($4,600 + $4,000) for the third
period, and $16,600 ($8,600 + $8,000) for the fourth period. He
multiplies each amount by 92.35% (.9235) to find the amounts to enter
on line 27. He then fills out the rest of Part II.
Ben figures the amounts to enter on line 1 of Schedule AI as
follows:
1st Column--1/1/00 to 3/31/00:
|
$1,750 per month x 3 months |
$5,250 |
2nd Column--1/1/00 to 5/31/00:
|
$1,750 per month x 5 months |
$8,750 |
Plus: |
Self-employment income through 5/31/00 |
4,600 |
Less: |
Self-employment tax deduction ($1,560
x 4.8) |
(325) |
| | | $13,025 |
3rd Column--1/1/00 to 8/31/00:
|
$1,750 per month x 8 months |
$14,000 |
Plus: |
Self-employment income through 8/31/00 |
8,600 |
Less: |
Self-employment tax deduction ($1,822
x 3) |
(607) |
| | | $21,993 |
4th Column--1/1/00 to 12/31/00:
|
$1,750 per month x 12 months |
$21,000 |
Plus: |
Self-employment income through 12/31/00 |
16,600 |
Less: |
Self-employment tax deduction ($2,346
x 2) |
(1,173) |
| | | $36,427 |
Ben completes the rest of Schedule A1 to determine the amounts
to put on Form 2210, line 22.
Ben then figures his underpayment in Part IV, Section A. He finds
that he overpaid his estimated tax for the first payment period, but
he underpaid his estimated tax for the other three periods.
Example 4.9 illustrates how Ben completes Part IV, Section
B, of his Form 2210.
Figuring Your Penalty (Section B of Part IV)
Figure the amount of your penalty in Section B, Part IV of Form
2210, following the instructions. The penalty is imposed on each
underpayment shown on line 29, Section A, for the number of days
through April 15, 2001, that it remained unpaid. (You may find it
helpful to show the date of payment beside each amount on line 29.)
One penalty rate applies to 2000 underpayments. The rate is 9% from
April 16, 2000, through April 15, 2001.
Note.
Even though only one penalty rate applies to 2000 underpayments,
Part IV of Form 2210 has two rate periods. A separate rate period is
needed for 2000 because 2000 is a leap year.
9% rate period.
To figure the number of days the 9% rate applies (line 31), count
from the day after the payment due date shown in each column above
line 31 through the earlier of:
- The day the underpayment was paid, or
- April 15, 2001.
Or you can use Table 4-1.
Aid for counting days.
Table 4-1 provides a simple method to count the
number of days between payment dates or between a due date and a
payment date.
- Find the number for the date the payment was due.
- Find the number for the date the payment was made.
- Subtract the due date "number" from the payment date
"number."
For example, if a payment was due on June 15 (61), but was not paid
until November 4 (203), the payment was 142 (203 - 61) days
late.
Payments.
Before completing Section B, make a list of the payments you made
after the due date (or the last day payments could be made on time)
for the earliest payment period an underpayment occurred. For example,
if you had an underpayment for the first payment period, list your
payments after April 15, 2000. You can use the tables in the Form 2210
instructions to make your list. Follow those instructions for listing
income tax withheld and payments made with your return. Use the list
to determine when each underpayment was paid.
A payment made on January 16, 2001, is considered to have been made
on the January 15 due date to the extent it is applied to a payment
due on January 15. Any portion applied to an underpayment for an
earlier period is considered paid January 16.
Underpayment paid in two or more parts.
If an underpayment was paid in two or more parts on different
dates, you must figure the penalty separately for each part. (You may
find it helpful to show the underpayment on line 29, Section A, broken
down into the parts paid on different dates.)
Figuring the penalty.
Form 2210 for 2000 has two rate periods. Figure the underpayment
penalty by applying the appropriate rate against each underpayment
shown on line 29. If an underpayment remained unpaid for more than one
rate period, the penalty on that underpayment will be figured using
more than one rate.
Use lines 31 and 33 to figure the number of days the underpayment
remained unpaid. (Also see Table 4-1.) Use lines 32
and 34 to figure the actual penalty amount by applying the rate
against the underpayment for the number of days it remained unpaid.
If an underpayment remained unpaid for the entire period, use
Table 4-2 to determine the number of days to enter in
each column of line 31 or 33.
Table 4-2
Chart of Total Days
| Column
(a) |
Column
(b) |
Column
(c) |
Column
(d) |
line 31 |
260 |
199 |
107 |
n/a |
line 33 |
105 |
105 |
105 |
90 |
Example 4.8.
In Example 4.6, Ben Brown determined that he had an
underpayment for all four payment periods.
Ben's filled-in Form 2210 is shown at the end of this chapter. This
example illustrates Part IV, Section B, of that form.
Ben's 2000 tax is $7,031. His minimum required payment for each
period is $1,529 ($6,116 x 4). His $3,228 withholding is
considered paid in four equal installments of $807, one on each
payment due date. Therefore, he must make estimated tax payments of
$722 each period. Ben made estimated tax payments of $1,000 on
September 2, 2000, and $1,000 on January 12, 2001. He plans to file
his return and pay his $1,803 tax balance ($7,031 tax - $5,228
withholding and estimated tax payments) on April 15, 2001. Therefore,
he is considered to have made the following payments for tax year
2000:
| April 15, 2000 |
$ 807 |
| June 15, 2000 |
807 |
| September 2, 2000 |
1,000 |
| September 15, 2000 |
807 |
| January 12, 2001 |
1,000 |
| January 15, 2001 |
807 |
| April 15, 2001 |
1,803 |
Penalty for first period (April 15, 2000) -- column (a).
Ben's $722 underpayment for the first payment period was paid by
applying $722 of his $807 payment on June 15, 2000. The $722 remained
unpaid 61 days (April 16 through June 15, 2000). Ben enters "61"
on line 31 and figures his penalty on line 32.
Penalty for second period (June 15 2000) -- column (b).
Ben figures his second period underpayment as follows.
- Of the $807 he paid for the second period, $722 is applied
to the underpayment remaining from the first period.
- That leaves $85 ($807 - $722) to apply to his second
period required installment of $1,529.
- The result, $1,444 ($1,529 - $85) is Ben's
underpayment for the second period.
The $1,444 underpayment is paid in two parts by applying the $1,000
paid on September 2 and $444 of his $807 September 15 payment. To help
him figure his penalty, Ben shows each part of the underpayment paid
on different dates on line 29.
Ben must figure the penalty using Part IV, Section B of Form 2210.
$1,000 of the underpayment remained unpaid 79 days (June 16 through
September 2). $444 of the underpayment remained unpaid 92 days (June
16 through September 15). Ben enters "79" and "92" on line
31. He multiplies $1,000 by 79 divided by 366 and multiplies that by
.09. The result is $19. He then multiplies $444 by 92 divided by 366
and multiplies that by .09. The result is $10. He enters both penalty
amounts ($19 and $10) and their total ($29) on line 32.
Penalty for third period (September 15, 2000) -- column
(c).
Ben figures his third period underpayment as follows.
- Of the $1,807 he paid for the third period, $1,444 is
applied to the underpayment remaining from the second period.
- That leaves $363 ($1,807 - $1,444) to apply to his
third period required installment of $1,529.
- The result, $1,166 ($1,529 - $363) is Ben's
underpayment for the third period.
The $1,166 underpayment is paid in two parts by applying his $1,000
payment on January 12, 2000, and $166 of his $807 payment on January
15. On line 29, Ben shows each part of the underpayment paid on
different dates.
Ben must figure the penalty using the rate period as shown on page
2 of Form 2210.
For Rate Period 1, the entire $1,166 underpayment
remained unpaid 107 days (September 16 through December 31, 2000). Ben
enters "107" on line 31 and figures the penalty on line 32.
For Rate Period 2, $1,000 of the underpayment remained
unpaid 12 days (January 1, 2001, through January 12, 2001) and $166
remained unpaid 15 days (January 1, 2001, through January 15, 2001).
Ben enters those numbers on line 33 and figures his penalty for each
part of the underpayment on line 34. He includes both penalty amounts
on line 35.
Penalty for fourth period (January 15, 2001) -- column
(d).
Ben figures his fourth period underpayment as follows.
- Of the $1,807 he paid for the fourth period, $1,166 is
applied to the underpayment remaining from the third period.
- That leaves $641 ($1,807 - $1,166) to apply to his
fourth period required installment of $1,529.
- The result, $888 ($1,529 - $641) is Ben's underpayment
for the fourth period.
The $888 underpayment was paid April 16, 2001, with his tax return.
The $888 remained unpaid 90 days (January 16 through April 15, 2001).
Ben enters that number on line 33 and figures his penalty on line 34.
Total penalty.
Ben's total penalty for 2000 on line 35 is $94, the total of all
amounts on lines 32 and 34 in all columns. Ben enters that amount on
line 70 of his Form 1040. He also adds $94 to his $1,803 tax balance
and enters the $1,897 total on line 69. He files his return on April
16 and includes a check for $1,897. He keeps his completed Form 2210
for his records.
Example 4.9.
In Example 4.7, Ben Brown's first underpayment was for
the second payment period.
Ben's filled-in Schedule AI and Part IV of Form 2210 are shown at
the end of this chapter. This example illustrates completion of Part
IV, Section B, of Ben's Form 2210 under the annualized income
installment method.
Ben made the same payments listed in the table in Example
4.8.
Penalty for second period -- column (b).
Ben's $605 underpayment for the second payment period was paid by
applying $605 of his $1,000 September 2, 2000 payment. To help him
figure his penalty, Ben shows the date the underpayment was paid on
line 29.
Ben must figure the penalty using the rate period as shown in Part
IV, Section B of Form 2210.
The entire underpayment remained unpaid 79 days (June 16 to
September 2). Ben enters "79" on line 31 and figures the penalty
on line 32.
Penalty for third period -- column (c).
Ben's $256 underpayment for the third payment period was paid by
applying $256 of his $1,000 payment on January 12, 2001.
Ben must figure the penalty using the rate periods as shown in Part
IV, Section B of Form 2210.
For Rate Period 1, the entire $256 underpayment remained
unpaid 107 days (September 16 through December 31, 2000). Ben enters
"107" on line 31 and figures the penalty on line 32.
For Rate Period 2, the entire $256 underpayment remained
unpaid 12 days (January 1, 2001, through January 12, 2001). Ben enters
"12" on line 33 and figures the penalty on line 34.
Penalty for fourth period -- column (d).
Ben's $774 underpayment for the fourth payment period was paid on
April 16, 2001, with his tax return. The $774 remained unpaid 90 days
(January 16 through April 15, 2001). Ben enters that number on line 33
and figures his penalty on line 34.
Total penalty.
Ben's total penalty for 2000 on line 35 is $37, the total of all
amounts on lines 32 and 34 in all columns. Ben enters that amount on
line 70 of his Form 1040. He also adds $37 to his $1,803 tax balance
and enters the $1,840 total on line 69. He files his return on April
16 and includes a check for $1,840. Because he used the annualized
income installment method, he must attach Form 2210,
including Schedule AI, to his return and check the box on line 1b of
Form 2210.
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