Publication 946 |
2000 Tax Year |
What Can Be Depreciated
You can depreciate many different kinds of property, for example,
machinery, buildings, vehicles, patents, copyrights, furniture, and
equipment.
You can depreciate property only if it meets all the following
requirements.
- It must be used in business or held to produce
income.
- It must be expected to last more than one year. In other
words, it must have a useful life that extends substantially beyond
the year it is placed in service.
- It must be something that wears out, decays, gets used up,
becomes obsolete, or loses its value from natural causes.
Tangible Property
Words you may need to know (see Glossary):
- Basis
- Business/investment use
- Capitalized
- Commuting
- Useful life
Tangible property is property you can see or touch and includes
both real and personal property. You can take a depreciation deduction
only for the part of tangible property that wears out, decays, gets
used up, becomes obsolete, or loses its value due to natural causes.
Because nearly all tangible property loses value due to these causes,
this discussion will focus on rules for depreciating property under
certain circumstances.
Partial Business Use
If you use tangible property for business or investment purposes
and for personal purposes, you can deduct depreciation based only on
the business/investment use. Personal use of a car, for example, would
include commuting, personal shopping trips, family vacations, and
driving children to and from school and other activities.
You must keep records showing the business, investment, and
personal use of your property. For more information on the records you
must keep for listed property, such as a car, see What Records
Must Be Kept in chapter 4.
Special Situations
You can depreciate some property only under certain circumstances.
The following discussions will help you determine whether you can
depreciate property in these cases.
Land preparation costs.
You cannot depreciate land. However, you can depreciate certain
costs (such as landscaping) incurred in preparing land for business
use. These costs must be so closely associated with other depreciable
property that you can determine a life for them along with the life of
the associated property.
Example.
You constructed a new building for use in your business and paid
for grading, clearing, seeding, and planting bushes and trees. Some of
the bushes and trees were planted right next to the building, while
others were planted around the outer border of the lot. If you replace
the building, you would have to destroy the bushes and trees right
next to it. Because these bushes and trees are closely associated with
the building, they have a determinable useful life. Therefore, you can
depreciate them as land preparation costs. Add your other land
preparation costs to the basis of your land because they have no
determinable life and you cannot depreciate them.
Repair or improvement.
If a repair or replacement increases the value of your property,
makes it more useful, or lengthens its life, it is an improvement. You
must capitalize and depreciate the cost of the improvement. If the
repair or replacement does not increase the value of your property,
make it more useful, or lengthen its life, it is a repair. You deduct
the cost of the repair in the same way as any other business expense.
Example.
If you completely replace the roof of a rental house, it is an
improvement because the new roof increases the value and lengthens the
life of the property. You must capitalize and depreciate it. However,
if you repair a small section on one corner of the roof, deduct the
repair expense.
Improvements to rented property.
You can depreciate permanent improvements you make to rented
business property. For more information, see Additions or
improvements to property under Property Classes and
Recovery Periods in chapter 3.
Durable containers.
You can depreciate containers used to ship your products if the
containers meet the following requirements.
- They have a life longer than one year.
- They qualify as property used in your business.
- Title to the containers does not pass to the buyer.
To determine if these requirements apply and whether you can
depreciate your containers, consider the following questions.
- Does your sales contract, sales invoice, or other type of
order acknowledgment indicate whether you have retained title?
- Does your invoice treat the containers as separate
items?
- Do any of your records state your basis in the
containers?
Professional libraries.
If you maintain a library for use in your profession, you can
depreciate it. However, you can deduct as a business expense the cost
of any technical books, journals, or information services you use in
your business that have a useful life of one year or less.
Videocassettes.
If you are in the business of renting videocassettes, you can
depreciate only those videocassettes bought for rental. You depreciate
them using one of the following methods.
- Straight line method. (The straight line method is explained
later under Intangible Property.)
- Income forecast method.
The income forecast method requires income projections for each
videocassette or group of videocassettes. You figure the depreciation
by applying a fraction to the cost less the salvage value of the
cassette. The numerator is the income from the videocassette for the
tax year and the denominator is the total projected income for the
cassette. For more information on the income forecast method, see
Revenue Ruling 60-358 in Cumulative Bulletin 1960-2.
If the videocassette has a useful life of one year or less, you can
deduct the cost as a business expense.
Idle property.
You must claim a deduction for depreciation on property used in
your business even if it is temporarily idle. For example, if you stop
using a machine because there is a temporary lack of market for a
product made with that machine, you must continue to deduct
depreciation on the machine.
Cooperative apartments.
If you use your cooperative apartment in your business or for the
production of income, you can deduct your share of the cooperative
housing corporation's depreciation.
If you bought your stock as part of its first offering, figure your
depreciation deduction as a tenant-stockholder as follows.
- Figure the depreciation for all the depreciable real
property owned by the corporation.
- Subtract from the amount figured in (1) any depreciation for
space owned by the corporation that can be rented but cannot be lived
in by tenant-stockholders. The result is the reduced yearly
depreciation.
- Divide the number of your shares of stock by the total
number of shares outstanding, including any shares held by the
corporation.
- Multiply the reduced yearly depreciation (2) by the
percentage you figured in (3). This is your share of the depreciation.
If you bought your cooperative stock after its first offering,
figure the basis of the depreciable real property to use in (1) above
as follows.
- Multiply your cost per share by the total number of
outstanding shares.
- Add to the amount figured in (1) any mortgage debt on the
property on the date you bought the stock.
- Subtract from the amount figured in (2) any mortgage debt
that is not for the depreciable real property, such as the part for
the land.
Your depreciation deduction for the year cannot be more than the
part of your adjusted basis in the stock of the corporation that is
allocable to your business or income-producing property.
Example.
You figure your share of the cooperative housing corporation's
depreciation to be $30,000. Your adjusted basis in the stock of the
corporation is $50,000. You use one half of your apartment solely for
business purposes. Your depreciation deduction for the year cannot be
more than $25,000, which is 1/2 of $50,000.
Change to business use.
If you change your cooperative apartment to business use, figure
your allowable depreciation as explained earlier. If you bought the
stock as part of its first offering, your depreciable basis in all the
depreciable real property owned by the cooperative housing corporation
is the smaller of the following.
- The fair market value on the date you change your apartment
to business use.
- The corporation's adjusted basis on that date.
Do not subtract depreciation when figuring the adjusted basis. The
fair market value is normally the same as the corporation's adjusted
basis minus straight line depreciation, unless this value is
unrealistic. See Straight Line Method, later.
For a discussion of fair market value and adjusted basis, see
Publication 551.
Intangible Property
Words you may need to know (see Glossary):
- Adjusted basis
- Basis
- Capitalized
- Goodwill
- Patent
- Salvage value
- Straight line method
- Useful life
Intangible property is property that has value but cannot be seen
or touched. Generally, you can either amortize or depreciate
intangible property.
You must amortize certain intangible property over 15 years if you
meet the following conditions.
- You acquired the property after August 10,1993, (after July
25, 1991, if elected).
- You use the property in connection with a business or for
the production of income.
If you meet these conditions, amortize the following
intangibles.
- Patents and copyrights.
- Customer or subscription lists, location contracts, and
insurance expirations.
- Designs and patterns.
- Franchises.
- Agreements not to compete.
If you created any of the intangibles listed in items (1) through
(3), you can amortize them only if you created them in connection with
the acquisition of assets constituting a trade or business or a
substantial part of a trade or business.
For more information on amortizing these and other intangibles, see
chapter 9 in Publication 535.
Generally, you can depreciate any of these intangibles acquired
before August 11, 1993, or that do not qualify for amortization.
However, they must have a determinable useful life.
Agreements not to compete, lists, contracts, and expirations are
sometimes confused with goodwill, which is not depreciable. Therefore,
you must be able to determine their value separately from the value of
any goodwill that goes with the business.
If you can depreciate the cost of a patent or copyright, you can
use the straight line method over the useful life. The useful life of
a patent or copyright is the lesser of the life granted to it by the
government or the remaining life. If it becomes valueless before the
end of its useful life, you can deduct in that year any of its
remaining cost or other basis.
Computer software.
Computer software includes all programs designed to cause a
computer to perform a desired function. Computer software also
includes any data base or similar item in the public domain and
incidental to the operation of qualifying software.
Generally, you can depreciate software over 36 months. However, if
you acquired the software in connection with the acquisition of a
substantial portion of a business, you can depreciate it over 36
months only if it meets all the following requirements.
- It is readily available for purchase by the general
public.
- It is not subject to an exclusive license.
- It has not been substantially modified.
If you acquired it in connection with the acquisition of a
substantial portion of a business and it does not meet all
the requirements listed above, you must amortize it over 15 years
(rather than depreciate it).
Software leased.
If you lease software, you can treat the rental payments in the
same manner you treat any other rental payments.
Year 2000 costs.
Year 2000 costs are costs of converting or replacing computer
software to recognize dates beginning in the year 2000. They include
costs of the following.
- Manually converting existing software.
- Developing new software.
- Purchasing or leasing new software to replace existing
software.
- Developing or purchasing software tools to assist you in
converting your existing software.
Treat year 2000 costs as computer software for depreciation
purposes.
Any change in the treatment of year 2000 costs to allow them to be
treated as computer software for depreciation purposes is a change in
accounting method. If you want to make this type of change, follow the
automatic change in accounting method provisions of Revenue Procedure
99-49 in Internal Revenue Bulletin No. 1999-52.
Straight Line Method
Generally, if you can depreciate intangible property, you use the
straight line method of depreciation. It lets you deduct the same
amount of depreciation each year.
To figure your deduction, first determine the adjusted basis,
salvage value, and estimated useful life of your property. Subtract
the salvage value, if any, from the adjusted basis. The balance is the
total depreciation you can take over the useful life of the property.
Divide the balance by the number of years in the useful life. This
gives you your yearly depreciation deduction. Unless there is a big
change in adjusted basis or useful life, this amount will stay the
same throughout the time you depreciate the property. If, in the first
year, you use the property for less than a full year, you must prorate
your depreciation deduction for the number of months in use.
Example.
In April, Frank bought a patent for $5,100. It was not acquired in
connection with the acquisition of any part of a trade or business. He
depreciates the patent under the straight line method, using a 17-year
useful life and no salvage value. He divides the $5,100 basis by 17
years ($5,100 x 17 = $300) to get his yearly depreciation
deduction. Because he only used the patent for 9 months during the
year, he multiplies $300 by 9/12 to get his deduction of
$225. Next year, Frank can deduct $300 for the full year.
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