Publication 946 |
2000 Tax Year |
How To Figure the Deduction
Words you may need to know (see Glossary):
- Active conduct of a trade/business
- Adjusted basis
- Basis
- Placed in service
The total business cost you can elect to deduct under section 179
for 2000 cannot be more than $20,000. This maximum dollar limit
applies to each taxpayer, not to each business. You do not have to
claim the full $20,000. You can decide how much of the business cost
of your qualifying property you want to deduct under section 179. You
may be able to depreciate any cost you do not deduct under section
179. For information on how to figure depreciation, see chapter 3.
If you acquire and place in service more than one item of
qualifying property during the year, you can divide the deduction
among the items in any way, as long as the total deduction is not more
than $20,000. If you have only one item of qualifying property and it
costs less than $20,000, your deduction is limited to the lesser of
the following.
- Your taxable income from your trade or business. (This limit
is discussed later.)
- The cost of the item.
You must figure your section 179 deduction before figuring your
depreciation deduction.
You must subtract the amount you elect to deduct under section 179
from the business/investment cost of the qualifying property. The
result is called your unadjusted basis and is the amount you use to
figure any depreciation deduction.
Example.
In 2000, you bought and placed in service a $21,000 forklift and a
$1,500 circular saw for your business. You elect to deduct $18,500 for
the forklift and the entire $1,500 for the saw, a total of $20,000.
This is the maximum dollar limit you can deduct. Your $1,500 deduction
for the saw completely recovered its cost. Your unadjusted basis is
zero. The unadjusted basis of your forklift is $2,500. You figure this
by subtracting your section 179 deduction for the forklift, $18,500,
from the cost of the forklift, $21,000.
Deduction Limits
Your section 179 deduction cannot be more than the business cost of
the qualifying property. In addition, in figuring your section 179
deduction, you must apply the following limits.
- Maximum dollar limit.
- Investment limit.
- Taxable income limit.
Maximum Dollar Limit
The total cost of section 179 property you can elect to deduct for
2000 cannot be more than $20,000. This maximum dollar limit is reduced
if you go over the investment limit (discussed later) in any year.
The total cost of section 179 property you can deduct increases in
later years as shown below.
Year |
Maximum Deduction
|
2001 - 2002 |
$24,000 |
After 2002 |
25,000 |
Passenger automobiles.
For passenger automobiles placed in service in 2000, the total of
the section 179 and depreciation deductions cannot be more than $3,060
for 2000. For more information, see Special Rule for Passenger
Automobiles, later.
Increased section 179 deduction for enterprise zone
businesses.
You may be able to claim an increased section 179 deduction if your
business qualifies as an enterprise zone business. The increase can be
as much as $20,000, but it cannot be more than the cost of qualified
zone property which is section 179 property placed in service during
the year.
For information, see Publication 954,
Tax Incentives for
Empowerment Zones and Other Distressed Communities.
Investment Limit
If the cost of your qualifying section 179 property placed in
service in a year is over $200,000, reduce the maximum dollar limit
for each dollar over $200,000 (but not below zero). If the cost of
your section 179 property placed in service during 2000 is $220,000 or
more, you cannot take a section 179 deduction and you cannot carry
over the cost that is more than $220,000.
Example.
This year, Jane Ash placed in service machinery costing $207,000.
Because this cost is $7,000 more than $200,000, she must reduce her
maximum dollar limit of $20,000 by $7,000. If her taxable income is
$13,000 or more, she can claim a $13,000 section 179 deduction for
this year.
Taxable Income Limit
The total cost you can deduct each year is limited to the taxable
income from the active conduct of any trade or business during the
year. Generally, you are considered to actively conduct a trade or
business if you meaningfully participate in the management or
operations of the trade or business.
Figure taxable income for this purpose by totaling the net income
(or loss) from all trades and businesses you actively conducted during
the year. Items of income derived from a trade or business actively
conducted by you include the following.
- Section 1231 gains (or losses).
- Interest from working capital of your trade or
business.
- Wages, salaries, tips, or other pay earned as an
employee.
When figuring taxable income, do not take into account any
unreimbursed employee business expenses you may have as an employee.
In addition, figure taxable income without regard to any of the
following.
- The section 179 deduction.
- The self-employment tax deduction.
- Any net operating loss carryback or carryforward.
Any cost not deductible in one year under section 179 because of
this limit can be carried to the next year.
Section 1231 gains and losses.
Any recognized gains or losses from the following types of
transactions are section 1231 gains or losses.
- The sale or exchange of real property or depreciable
personal property used in a trade or business if you held it for more
than 1 year.
- The sale or exchange of cattle or horses held for draft,
breeding, dairy, or sporting purposes if you held them for 2 years or
more.
- The sale or exchange of livestock (other than cattle,
horses, and poultry) held for draft, breeding, dairy, or sporting
purposes if you held it for 1 year or more.
- The sale, exchange, or involuntary conversion of unharvested
crops on land used in farming if you meet both the following
requirements.
- You sold, exchanged, or involuntarily converted the crop and
land at the same time and to the same person.
- You held the land for more than 1 year.
- The cutting of timber for sale or for use in your trade or
business if you meet both the following requirements.
- You elect to treat the cutting as a sale or exchange.
- You either owned the timber for more than 1 year or held a
contract right to cut the timber for more than 1 year.
- The disposal of timber held for more than 1 year under a
cutting contract if you treat the disposal as a sale or exchange and
you retain an economic interest in the timber.
- The disposal of coal (including lignite) or iron ore (mined
in the United States) owned for more than 1 year under a contract in
which you retain an economic interest in the coal or iron ore.
As this publication was being prepared for print, Congress was
considering legislation that would change number (6), above. For more
information about this and other important tax changes, see
Publication 553,
Highlights of 2000 Tax Changes.
For more information about section 1231 gains and losses, see
chapter 3 in Publication 544.
Two different taxable income limits.
The section 179 deduction is subject to a taxable income limit. You
also may have to figure some other deduction that has a limit based on
taxable income. You may have to figure the limit for this other
deduction taking into account the section 179 deduction. If so,
complete the following steps.
Step |
Action |
1 |
Figure taxable income without the section 179 deduction
or the other deduction. |
2 |
Figure a hypothetical section 179 deduction using the
taxable income figured in Step 1. |
3 |
Subtract the hypothetical section 179 deduction figured
in Step 2 from the taxable income figured in Step 1. |
4 |
Figure a hypothetical amount for the other deduction
using the amount figured in Step 3 as taxable income. |
5 |
Subtract the hypothetical other deduction figured in
Step 4 from the taxable income figured in Step 1. |
6 |
Now figure your actual section 179 deduction using the
taxable income figured in Step 5. |
7 |
Subtract your actual section 179 deduction figured in
Step 6 from the taxable income figured in Step 1. |
8 |
Figure your actual other deduction using the taxable
income figured in Step 7. |
Example.
During the year, the XYZ corporation purchased and placed in
service qualifying section 179 property that cost $10,000. It elects
to expense as much as possible under section 179. The XYZ corporation
also gave a charitable contribution of $1,000 during the year. A
corporation's deduction for charitable contributions cannot be more
than 10% of its taxable income, figured after subtracting any section
179 deduction. The taxable income limit for the section 179 deduction
is figured after subtracting any allowable charitable contributions.
XYZ's taxable income figured without the section 179 deduction or the
deduction for charitable contributions is $12,000. XYZ figures its
section 179 deduction and its deduction for charitable contributions
as follows.
- Step 1- Taxable income figured without
either deduction is $12,000.
- Step 2- Using $12,000 as taxable income,
XYZ's hypothetical section 179 deduction is $10,000.
- Step 3- $2,000 ($12,000 -
$10,000).
- Step 4- Using $2,000 (from Step 3) as
taxable income, XYZ's hypothetical charitable contribution (limited to
10% of taxable income) is $200.
- Step 5- $11,800 ($12,000 -
$200).
- Step 6- Using $11,800 (from Step 5) as
taxable income, XYZ figures the actual section 179 deduction. Because
the taxable income is at least $10,000, XYZ can take a $10,000 section
179 deduction.
- Step 7- $2,000 ($12,000 -
$10,000).
- Step 8- Using $2,000 (from Step 7) as
taxable income, XYZ's actual charitable contribution (limited to 10%
of taxable income) is $200.
Carryover of disallowed deduction.
You can carry over the cost of any section 179 property you elected
to expense but were unable to because of the taxable income limit. You
use the amount you carry over to determine your section 179 deduction
in the next year.
In the year you place more than one property in service, you can
select the properties for which all or a part of the costs will be
carried forward. For this purpose, treat section 179 costs allocated
from a partnership or an S corporation as one item of section 179
property. You can do this provided your decisions are shown in your
books and records.
If you do not make a selection, the total carryover will be
allocated equally among the properties you elected to expense for the
year. If you can deduct all or a part of your total carryover in a
subsequent year, you must deduct the costs being carried from the
earliest year first.
Basis adjustment.
Generally, you must increase the basis of any section 179 property
by any unused carryover of disallowed section 179 deduction before you
do either of the following.
- Sell or otherwise dispose of the section 179
property.
- Transfer section 179 property in a transaction in which gain
or loss is not recognized in whole or in part (including transfers at
death).
Neither the old nor the new owner can deduct any of the disallowed
amount that is added to the basis of the property.
Married Filing Joint or Separate Returns
If you are married, how you figure your section 179 deduction
depends on whether you file jointly or separately.
Joint returns.
If you file a joint return, you and your spouse are treated as one
taxpayer in determining any reduction to the maximum dollar limit,
regardless of which of you purchased the property or placed it in
service.
Separate returns.
If you and your spouse file separate returns, you are treated as
one taxpayer for the maximum dollar limit and the $200,000 investment
limit. Unless you elect otherwise, 50% of the maximum dollar limit
(after applying the investment limit) will be allocated to each of
you. If the percentages elected by each of you do not total 100%, 50%
will be allocated to each of you.
Example 1.
Jack Elm is married. He and his wife file separate returns. Jack
bought and placed in service $200,000 of qualified farm machinery in
2000. His wife has her own business and she bought and placed in
service $5,000 of qualified business equipment. Their combined maximum
dollar limit is $15,000. This is because they must figure the limit
based on filing a joint return. If they filed a joint return for 2000,
they would reduce the maximum dollar limit ($20,000) by the excess
over the investment limit ($5,000).
They elect to allocate $15,000 as follows.
- $11,250 (75%) to Mr. Elm's machinery.
- $3,750 (25%) to Mrs. Elm's equipment.
If they did not make an election to allocate their costs, they
would each be limited to $7,500 ($15,000 x 50%).
Joint return after filing separate returns.
If you and your spouse elect to file a joint return after the due
date for filing the return, the maximum dollar limit on the joint
return is the lesser of the following.
- The maximum dollar limit (after applying the investment
limit).
- The total cost of section 179 property you and your spouse
elected to expense on your separate returns.
Example 2.
Assume Jack from Example 1 elected to expense $4,000 on his
separate return and his wife elected to expense $2,000. If they
subsequently file a joint return after the due date for that return,
their maximum dollar limit for the section 179 deduction is $6,000.
This is the lesser of the following.
- $15,000 -- The maximum dollar limit less the excess
over the investment limit.
- $6,000 -- The total they elected to expense on their
separate returns.
Partnerships and Partners
The section 179 deduction limits apply both to the partnership and
to each partner. The partnership determines its section 179 deduction
subject to the limits. It then allocates the deduction among its
partners.
Each partner adds the amount allocated from the partnership (shown
on Schedule K-1) to his or her other nonpartnership section 179 costs
and then applies the maximum dollar limit to this total. To determine
if a partner has exceeded the $200,000 investment limit, the partner
does not include any of the cost of section 179 property placed in
service by the partnership. After the maximum dollar limit and
investment limit are applied, the remaining cost of the partnership
and nonpartnership section 179 property is subject to the taxable
income limit.
Figuring taxable income for a partnership.
For purposes of the taxable income limit, figure the partnership's
taxable income by adding together the net income (or loss) from all
trades or businesses actively conducted by the partnership during the
year. See Publication 541,
Partnerhips, for information on
how to figure partnership net income (or loss).
Partner's share of partnership taxable income.
For purposes of the taxable income limit, the taxable income of a
partner engaged in the active conduct of one or more of a
partnership's trades or businesses includes his or her allocable share
of taxable income derived from the partnership's active conduct of any
trade or business.
For purposes of section 179, if your tax year and that of the
partnership differ, the amount of the partnership's taxable income
attributable to you for a tax year is determined based on the
partnership tax year that ends with or within your tax year.
Example.
John and James Oak are equal partners in Oak Company. Oak Company
uses a tax year ending January 31. John and James both use a tax year
ending December 31. For Oak Company's tax year ending January 31,
2000, it has taxable income from the active conduct of its business of
$80,000, of which $70,000 was earned during 1999. John and James each
include $40,000 of partnership taxable income in computing their
taxable income limit for the 2000 tax year.
Basis adjustment.
You must reduce the basis of your partnership interest by the total
amount of section 179 expenses allocated from the partnership
regardless of whether you can currently deduct the full amount of
allocated section 179 expenses. If you dispose of your interest in a
partnership, your basis for determining gain or loss is increased by
any outstanding carryover of disallowed section 179 expenses allocated
from the partnership.
The basis of a partnership's section 179 property must be reduced
by the section 179 deduction elected by the partnership. This
reduction of basis must be made even if a partner cannot deduct all or
part of the section 179 deduction allocated to that partner by the
partnership because of the limits.
Example.
In 2000, Beech Partnership placed in service section 179 property
with a total cost of $204,000. The partnership's taxable income for
the year was $30,000. The partnership must reduce its maximum dollar
limit ($20,000) by $4,000 ($204,000 - $200,000). The maximum
section 179 deduction for the partnership is $16,000. The partnership
allocates this $16,000 equally to its two partners, Ann and Dean.
Ann had no other section 179 property placed in service this year.
In addition to being a partner in the Beech Partnership, she also
operates a business as a sole proprietorship. If her taxable income is
$8,000 or more she can claim the $8,000 allocated to her by Beech as a
section 179 deduction.
In addition to being a partner in Beech Partnership, Dean also
operates a business as a sole proprietorship. This year he placed
$15,500 of qualifying section 179 property in service in his sole
proprietorship business. This business had taxable income of $20,000.
He is also a partner in the Cedar Partnership, which allocated him a
section 179 amount of $7,000. Because he has a total section 179
deduction allocated from the partnerships of $15,000 ($8,000 from
Beech and $7,000 from Cedar), he can elect a section 179 deduction of
only $5,000 ($20,000 - $15,000) for the property from his sole
proprietorship because his maximum section 179 deduction is $20,000.
S Corporations
Generally, the rules that apply to a partnership and its partners
also apply to an S corporation and its shareholders. The deduction
limits apply to an S corporation and to each shareholder. The S
corporation allocates the deduction to the shareholders who then take
their section 179 deduction subject to the limits.
Figuring taxable income for an S corporation.
To figure taxable income (or loss) from the active conduct by an S
corporation of any trade or business, you total the net income (or
loss) from all trades or businesses actively conducted by the S
corporation during the year.
To figure the net income (or loss) from a trade or business
actively conducted by an S corporation, you take into account the
items from that trade or business that are passed through to the
shareholders and used in determining each shareholder's tax liability.
However, you do not take into account any credits, tax-exempt income,
and deductions for compensation paid to shareholder-employees. For
purposes of determining the total amount of S corporation items, treat
deductions and losses as negative income. When figuring the amount of
each item, disregard any limits that must be taken into account when
figuring a shareholder's taxable income.
Other Corporations
A corporation's taxable income from its active conduct of any trade
or business is its taxable income figured with the following changes.
- It is figured before deducting any net operating loss
deduction or special deductions (as reported on the corporation's
income tax return).
- It is adjusted for items of income or deduction not derived
from a trade or business actively conducted by the corporation during
the tax year.
Part I of Form 4562
Use Part I of Form 4562 to figure your section 179 deduction and
any carryover. If you elect the section 179 deduction, you must attach
Form 4562 to your return.
If you have listed property (explained in chapter 4)
you are
electing to deduct under section 179, complete Part V of Form 4562
before completing Part I.
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