Publication 535 |
2001 Tax Year |
Not-for-Profit Activities
If you do not carry on your business or investment activity to make
a profit, there is a limit on the deductions you can take. You cannot
use a loss from the activity to offset other income. Activities you do
as a hobby, or mainly for sport or recreation, come under this limit.
So does an investment activity intended only to produce tax losses for
the investors.
The limit on not-for-profit losses applies to individuals,
partnerships, estates, trusts, and S corporations. It does not apply
to corporations other than S corporations.
In determining whether you are carrying on an activity for profit,
all the facts are taken into account. No one factor alone is decisive.
Among the factors to consider are whether:
- You carry on the activity in a businesslike manner,
- The time and effort you put into the activity indicate you
intend to make it profitable,
- You depend on income from the activity for your livelihood,
- Your losses are due to circumstances beyond your control (or
are normal in the start-up phase of your type of business),
- You change your methods of operation in an attempt to
improve profitability,
- You, or your advisors, have the knowledge needed to carry on
the activity as a successful business,
- You were successful in making a profit in similar activities
in the past,
- The activity makes a profit in some years, and how much
profit it makes, and
- You can expect to make a future profit from the appreciation
of the assets used in the activity.
Presumption of Profit
An activity is presumed carried on for profit if it produced a
profit in at least 3 of the last 5 tax years, including the current
year. Activities that consist primarily of breeding, training,
showing, or racing horses are presumed carried on for profit if they
produced a profit in at least 2 of the last 7 tax years, including the
current year. The activity must be substantially the same for each
year within this period. You have a profit when the gross income from
an activity is more than the deductions for it.
If a taxpayer dies before the end of the 5-year (or 7-year) period,
the period ends on the date of the taxpayer's death.
If your business or investment activity passes this 3- (or 2-)
years-of-profit test, presume it is carried on for profit. This means
the limits discussed here will not apply. You can take all your
business deductions from the activity, even for the years that you
have a loss. You can rely on this presumption in every case, unless
the IRS shows it is not valid.
Using the presumption later.
If you are starting an activity and do not have 3 (or 2) years
showing a profit, you may want to elect to have the presumption made
after you have the 5 (or 7) years of experience allowed by the test.
You can choose to do this by filing Form
5213. Filing this form postpones
any determination that your activity is not carried on for profit
until 5 (or 7) years have passed since you started the activity.
The benefit gained by making this choice is that the IRS will not
immediately question whether your activity is engaged in for profit.
Accordingly, it will not restrict your deductions. Rather, you will
gain time to earn a profit in 3 (or 2) out of the first 5 (or 7) years
you carry on the activity. If you show 3 (or 2) years of profit at the
end of this period, your deductions are not limited under these rules.
If you do not have 3 (or 2) years of profit, the limit can be applied
retroactively to any year in the 5-year (or 7-year) period with a
loss.
Filing Form 5213 automatically extends the period of limitations on
any year in the 5-year (or 7-year) period to 2 years after the due
date of the return for the last year of the period. The period is
extended only for deductions of the activity and any related
deductions that might be affected.
You must file Form 5213 within 3 years after the due date of your
return for the year in which you first carried on the activity, or, if
earlier, within 60 days after receiving written notice from the
Internal Revenue Service proposing to disallow deductions attributable
to the activity.
Limit on
Deductions and Losses
If your activity is not carried on for profit, take deductions only
in the following order, only to the extent stated in the three
categories, and, if you are an individual, only if you itemize them on
Schedule A (Form 1040).
Category 1.
Deductions you can take for personal as well as for business
activities are allowed in full. For individuals, all nonbusiness
deductions, such as those for home mortgage interest, taxes, and
casualty losses, belong in this category. Deduct them on the
appropriate lines of Schedule A (Form 1040). You can deduct a casualty
loss on property you own for personal use only to the extent it is
more than $100 and all these losses are more than 10% of your adjusted
gross income. See Publication 547
for more information on casualty
losses. For the limits that apply to mortgage interest, see
Publication 936.
Category 2.
Deductions that do not result in an adjustment to the basis of
property are allowed next, but only to the extent your gross income
from the activity is more than the deductions you take (or could take)
under the first category. Most business deductions, such as those for
advertising, insurance premiums, interest, utilities, wages, etc.,
belong in this category.
Category 3.
Business deductions that decrease the basis of property are allowed
last, but only to the extent the gross income from the activity is
more than deductions you take (or could take) under the first two
categories. The deductions for depreciation, amortization, and the
part of a casualty loss an individual could not deduct in category (1)
belong in this category. Where more than one asset is involved, divide
depreciation and these other deductions proportionally among those
assets.
Individuals must claim the amounts in categories (2) and
(3) as miscellaneous deductions on Schedule A (Form 1040).
They are subject to the 2%-of-adjusted-gross-income limit. See
Publication 529
for information on this limit.
Example.
Ida is engaged in a not-for-profit activity. The income and
expenses of the activity are as follows.
Gross income |
$3,200 |
Minus expenses: |
|
|
Real estate taxes |
$700 |
|
Home mortgage interest |
900 |
|
Insurance |
400 |
|
Utilities |
700 |
|
Maintenance |
200 |
|
Depreciation on an
automobile |
600 |
|
Depreciation on a
machine |
200 |
3,700 |
Loss |
$
500 |
Ida must limit her deductions to $3,200, the gross income she
earned from the activity. The limit is reached in category (3), as
follows.
Limit on deduction |
$3,200 |
Category 1: Taxes and
interest |
$1,600 |
|
Category 2: Insurance,
utilities, and maintenance |
1,300 |
2,900 |
Available for
Category 3 |
$
300 |
The $300 for depreciation is divided between the automobile and
machine as follows.
$600 ---------- $800 |
x |
$300 |
= |
$225 |
depreciation for the automobile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
$200 ---------- $800 |
x |
$300 |
= |
$75 |
depreciation for the machine |
The basis of each asset is reduced accordingly.
The $1,600 for category (1) is deductible in full on the
appropriate lines for taxes and interest on Schedule A (Form 1040).
Ida deducts the remaining $1,600 (the total of categories (2) and (3))
as other miscellaneous deductions on Schedule A (Form 1040) subject to
the 2%-of-adjusted-gross-income limit.
Partnerships and S corporations.
If a partnership or S corporation carries on a not-for-profit
activity, these limits apply at the partnership or S corporation
level. They are reflected in the individual shareholder's or partner's
distributive shares.
More than one activity.
If you have several undertakings, each may be a separate activity
or several undertakings may be one activity. The following are the
most significant facts and circumstances in making this determination.
- The degree of organizational and economic interrelationship
of various undertakings.
- The business purpose that is (or might be) served by
carrying on the various undertakings separately or together in a
business or investment setting.
- The similarity of various undertakings.
The IRS will generally accept your characterization of several
undertakings as one activity, or more than one activity, if supported
by facts and circumstances.
If you are carrying on two or more different activities, keep the
deductions and income from each one separate. Figure separately
whether each is a not-for-profit activity. Then figure the limit on
deductions and losses separately for each activity that is not for
profit.
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