Use Schedule D to report sales, exchanges, and other dispositions of capital assets.

Before completing Schedule D (Form 1040), you may have to complete other forms as shown below.

• For a sale, exchange, or involuntary conversion of business property, complete Form 4797.
• For a like-kind exchange, complete Form 8824. (See Reporting the exchange under Like-Kind Exchanges in chapter 1.)
• For an installment sale, complete Form 6252. (See Publication 537.)
• For an involuntary conversion due to casualty or theft, complete Form 4684. (See Publication 547, Casualties, Disasters, and Thefts (Business and Nonbusiness).)
• For a disposition of an interest in, or property used in, an activity to which the at-risk rules apply, complete Form 6198, At-Risk Limitations. (See Publication 925, Passive Activity and At-Risk Rules.)
• For a disposition of an interest in, or property used in, a passive activity, complete Form 8582, Passive Activity Loss Limitations. (See Publication 925.)

Personal-use property. Report gain on the sale or exchange of property held for personal use (such as your home) on Schedule D. Loss from the sale or exchange of property held for personal use is not deductible. But if you had a loss from the sale or exchange of real estate held for personal use for which you received a Form 1099-S, report the transaction on Schedule D even though the loss is not deductible. Complete columns (a) through (e) and enter -0- in column (f), and column (g) if appropriate.

Long and Short Term

Where you report a capital gain or loss depends on how long you own the asset before you sell or exchange it. The time you own an asset before disposing of it is the holding period.

If you hold a capital asset 1 year or less, the gain or loss from its disposition is short term. Report it in Part I of Schedule D. If you hold a capital asset longer than 1 year, the gain or loss from its disposition is long term. Report it in Part II of Schedule D.
 

Table 4-1

These distinctions are essential to correctly arrive at your net capital gain or loss. Capital losses are allowed in full against capital gains plus up to $3,000 of ordinary income. The tax rate for capital gains is explained later under Capital Gain Tax Rates.

Holding period. To figure if you held property longer than 1 year, start counting on the day following the day you acquired the property. The same date of each following month is the beginning of a new month regardless of the number of days in the preceding month. The day you disposed of the property is part of your holding period.

Example. If you bought an asset on June 18, 1999, you should start counting on June 19, 1999. If you sold the asset on June 18, 2000, your holding period is not longer than 1 year, but if you sold it on June 19, 2000, your holding period is longer than 1 year.

Patent property. If you dispose of patent property, you are generally considered to have held the property longer than 1 year, no matter how long you actually held it. For more information, see Patents in chapter 2.

Inherited property. If you inherit property, you are considered to have held the property longer than 1 year, regardless of how long you actually held it.

Installment sale. The gain from an installment sale of an asset qualifying for long-term capital gain treatment in the year of sale continues to be long term in later tax years. If it is short term in the year of sale, it continues to be short term when payments are received in later tax years.

Nontaxable exchange. If you acquire an asset in exchange for another asset and your basis for the new asset is figured, in whole or in part, by using your basis in the old property, the holding period of the new property includes the holding period of the old property. That is, it begins on the same day as your holding period for the old property.

Example. You bought machinery on December 4, 1999. On June 3, 2000, you traded this machinery for other machinery in a nontaxable exchange. On December 5, 2000, you sold the machinery you got in the exchange. Your holding period for this machinery begins on December 5, 1999. Therefore, you will have a long-term gain or loss.

Table 4-2

Corporate liquidation. The holding period for property you receive in a liquidation generally starts on the day after you receive it if gain or loss is recognized.

Profit-sharing plan. The holding period of common stock withdrawn from a qualified contributory profit-sharing plan begins on the day following the day the plan trustee delivered the stock to the transfer agent with instructions to reissue the stock in your name.

Gift. If you receive a gift of property and your basis in it is figured using the donor's basis, your holding period includes the donor's holding period. For more information on basis, see Publication 551, Basis of Assets.

Real property. To figure how long you held real property, start counting on the day after you received title to it or, if earlier, the day after you took possession of it and assumed the burdens and privileges of ownership.

However, taking possession of real property under an option agreement is not enough to start the holding period. The holding period cannot start until there is an actual contract of sale. The holding period of the seller cannot end before that time.

Repossession. If you sell real property but keep a security interest in it and then later repossess it, your holding period for a later sale includes the period you held the property before the original sale, as well as the period after the repossession. Your holding period does not include the time between the original sale and the repossession. That is, it does not include the period during which the first buyer held the property.

Nonbusiness bad debts. Nonbusiness bad debts are short-term capital losses. For information on nonbusiness bad debts, see chapter 4 of Publication 550.

Net Gain or Loss

The totals for short-term capital gains and losses and the totals for long-term capital gains and losses must be figured separately.

Net short-term capital gain or loss. Combine your short-term capital gains and losses, including your share of short-term capital gains or losses from partnerships, S corporations, and fiduciaries and any short-term capital loss carryover. Do this by adding all your short-term capital gains. Then add all your short-term capital losses. Subtract the lesser total from the other. The result is your net short-term capital gain or loss.

Net long-term capital gain or loss. Follow the same steps to combine your long-term capital gains and losses. Include the following items.

• Net section 1231 gain from Part I, Form 4797, after any adjustment for nonrecaptured section 1231 losses from prior tax years.
• Capital gain distributions from regulated investment companies (mutual funds) and real estate investment trusts.
• Your share of long-term capital gains or losses from partnerships, S corporations, and fiduciaries.
• Any long-term capital loss carryover.

The result from combining these items with other long-term capital gains and losses is your net long-term capital gain or loss.

Net gain. If the total of your capital gains is more than the total of your capital losses, the difference is taxable. However, the part that is not more than your net capital gain may be taxed at a rate that is lower than the rate of tax on your ordinary income. See Capital Gain Tax Rates, later.

Net loss. If the total of your capital losses is more than the total of your capital gains, the difference is deductible. But there are limits on how much loss you can deduct and when you can deduct it. See Treatment of Capital Losses, next.

Treatment of Capital Losses

If your capital losses are more than your capital gains, you must deduct the difference even if you do not have ordinary income to offset it. The yearly limit on the amount of the capital loss you can deduct is $3,000 ($1,500 if you are married and file a separate return).

Capital loss carryover. Generally, you have a capital loss carryover if either of the following situations applies to you.

• Your net loss on line 17 of Schedule D is more than the yearly limit.
• The amount shown on line 37, Form 1040 (your taxable income without your deduction for exemptions), is less than zero.

If either of these situations applies to you for 2000, complete the Capital Loss Carryover Worksheet in the instructions for Schedule D to figure the amount you can carry over to 2001.

In 2001, you will treat the carryover loss as if it occurred in that year. It will be combined with any capital gains and losses you have in 2001, and any net loss will be subject to the limit for that year. Any loss not used in 2001 will be carried over to 2002.

Example. Bob and Gloria Sampson sold property in 2000. The sale resulted in a capital loss of $7,000. The Sampsons had no other capital transactions. On their joint 2000 return, the Sampsons deduct $3,000, the yearly limit. They had taxable income of $2,000. The unused part of the loss, $4,000 ($7,000 - $3,000), is carried over to 2001. The allowable $3,000 deduction is considered used in 2000.

If the Sampsons' capital loss had been $2,000, it would not have been more than the yearly limit. Their capital loss deduction would have been $2,000. They would have no carryover to 2001.

Short-term and long-term losses. When you carry over a loss, it retains its original character as either long term or short term. A short-term loss you carry over to the next tax year is added to short-term losses occurring in that year. A long-term loss you carry over to the next tax year is added to long-term losses occurring in that year. A long-term capital loss you carry over to the next year reduces that year's long-term gains before its short-term gains.

If you have both short-term and long-term losses, your short-term losses are used first against your allowable capital loss deduction. If, after using your short-term losses, you have not reached the limit on the capital loss deduction, use your long-term losses until you reach the limit. This computation of your short-term capital loss carryover or your long-term capital loss carryover is made on the Capital Loss Carryover Worksheet provided in the instructions for Schedule D.

Joint and separate returns. On a joint return, the capital gains and losses of a husband and wife are figured as the gains and losses of an individual. If you are married and filing a separate return, your yearly capital loss deduction is limited to $1,500. Neither you nor your spouse can deduct any part of the other's loss.

If you and your spouse once filed separate returns and are now filing a joint return, combine your separate capital loss carryovers. However, if you and your spouse once filed jointly and are now filing separately, any capital loss carryover from the joint return can be deducted only on the return of the spouse who actually had the loss.

Death of taxpayer. Capital losses cannot be carried over after a taxpayer's death. They are deductible only on the final income tax return filed on the decedent's behalf. The yearly limit discussed earlier still applies in this situation. Even if the loss is greater than the limit, the decedent's estate cannot deduct the difference or carry it over to following years.

Corporations. A corporation can deduct capital losses only up to the amount of its capital gains. In other words, if a corporation has a net capital loss, it cannot be deducted in the current tax year. It must be carried to other tax years and deducted from capital gains occurring in those years. For more information, see Publication 542, Corporations.

Capital Gain Tax Rates

The 31%, 36%, and 39.6% income tax rates for individuals do not apply to a net capital gain. In most cases, the 15% and 28% rates do not apply either. Instead, your net capital gain is taxed at lower capital gain rates.

Table 4-3

Net capital gain is the net long-term capital gain for the year that is more than the net short-term capital loss for the year.

You will need to use Part IV of Schedule D (Form 1040) to figure your tax using the capital gain rates if both of the following are true.

• Both lines 16 and 17 of Schedule D are gains.
• Your taxable income on Form 1040, line 39, is more than zero.

The rate may be 10%, 20%, 25%, 28%, or a combination of two or more of those rates, as shown in Table 4-3.

Using the capital gain rates. The part of a net capital gain subject to each rate is determined by first netting long-term capital gains with long-term capital losses in the following tax rate groups.

1. A 28% group, consisting of all the following gains and losses.
   1. Collectibles gains and losses.
   2. The part of the gain on qualified small business stock equal to the section 1202 exclusion.
   3. Any long-term capital loss carryover.
2. A 25% group, consisting of unrecaptured section 1250 gain.
3. A 20% group, consisting of gains and losses not in the 28% or 25% group.

If any group has a net loss, the following rules apply.

• A net loss from the 28% group reduces any gain from the 25% group, and then any net gain from the 20% group.
• A net loss from the 20% group reduces any net gain from the 28% group, and then any gain from the 25% group.

If you have a net short-term capital loss, it reduces any net gain from the 28% group, then any gain from the 25% group, and finally any net gain from the 20% group.

The resulting net gain (if any) from each group is subject to the tax rate for that group. (The 10% rate applies to a net gain from the 20% group to the extent that, if there were no capital gain rates, the net capital gain would be taxed at the 15% regular tax rate.)

Collectibles gain or loss. This is gain or loss from the sale or exchange of a work of art, rug, antique, metal, gem, stamp, coin, or alcoholic beverage held longer than 1 year. Collectibles gain includes gain from the sale of an interest in a partnership, S corporation, or trust attributable to unrealized appreciation of collectibles.

Gain on qualified small business stock. If you realized a gain from qualified small business stock you held longer than 5 years, you exclude up to one-half your gain from your income. The taxable part of your gain equal to your section 1202 exclusion is a 28% rate gain. See Sales of Small Business Stock in chapter 1.

Unrecaptured section 1250 gain. This is the part of any long-term capital gain on section 1250 property (real property) that is due to depreciation minus any net loss in the 28% group. Unrecaptured section 1250 gain cannot be more than the net section 1231 gain or include any gain that is otherwise treated as ordinary income. Use the worksheet in the Schedule D instructions to figure your unrecaptured section 1250 gain. For more information about section 1250 property and net section 1231 gain, see chapter 3.

Changes after 2000. After 2000, there will be changes to the capital gain rates.

2001. Beginning in 2001, the 10% capital gain rate will be lowered to 8% for qualified 5-year gain.

2006. Beginning in 2006, the 20% capital gain rate will be lowered to 18% for qualified 5-year gain from property with a holding period that begins after 2000.

Taxpayers who own certain stock on January 1, 2001, can choose to treat the stock as sold and repurchased on January 2, 2001, if they pay tax for 2001 on any resulting gain.

Qualified 5-year gain. This is long-term capital gain from the sale of property you held longer than 5 years that would otherwise be subject to the 10% or 20% capital gain rate.

Net capital gain from disposition of investment property. If you choose to include any part of a net capital gain from a disposition of investment property in investment income for figuring your investment interest deduction, you must reduce the net capital gain eligible for the capital gain tax rates by the same amount. You make this choice on Form 4952, Investment Interest Expense Deduction, line 4e. For information on making this choice, see the instructions to Form 4952. For information on the investment interest deduction, see chapter 3 in Publication 550.

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