If you contribute property to a qualified organization, the amount of your charitable contribution is generally the fair market value of the property at the time of the contribution. However, if the property has increased in value, you may have to make some adjustments to the amount of your deduction. See Giving Property That Has Increased in Value, later.
For information about the records you must keep and the information you must furnish with your return if you donate property, see Records To Keep and How To Report, later.
Partial interest in property.
Generally, you cannot deduct a charitable contribution (not made by a transfer in trust) of less than your entire interest in property. A contribution of the right to use property is a contribution of less than your entire interest in that property and is not deductible. For exceptions and more information, see Partial Interest in Property Not in Trust in Publication 561.
Future interests in tangible personal property.
You can deduct the value of a charitable contribution of a future interest in tangible personal property only after all intervening interests in and rights to the actual possession or enjoyment of the property have either expired or been turned over to someone other than yourself, a related person, or a related organization.
Future interest.
A future interest is any interest that is to begin at some future time, regardless of whether it is designated as a future interest under state law.
Determining Fair Market Value
This section discusses general guidelines for determining the fair market value of various types of donated property. Fair market value is the price at which property would change hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller, neither having to buy or sell, and both having reasonable knowledge of all the relevant facts. Publication 561 contains a more complete discussion.
Used clothing and household goods.
Generally, the fair market value of used clothing and household goods is far less than its original cost.
For used clothing, you should claim as the value the price that buyers of used items actually pay in used clothing stores, such as consignment or thrift shops.
See Household Goods in Publication 561 for information on the valuation of household goods, such as furniture, appliances, and linens.
Cars, boats, and aircraft.
If you contribute a car, boat, or aircraft to a charitable organization, you must determine its fair market value.
Certain commercial firms and trade organizations publish guides, commonly called "blue books," containing complete dealer sale prices or dealer average prices for recent model years. The guides may be published monthly or seasonally, and for different regions of the country. These guides also provide estimates for adjusting for unusual equipment, unusual mileage, and physical condition. The prices are not "official" and these publications are not considered an appraisal of any specific donated property. But they do provide clues for making an appraisal and suggest relative prices for comparison with current sales and offerings in your area.
Example.
You donate your car to a local high school for use by their students studying automobile repair. Your credit union told you that the "blue book" value of the car is $1,600. However, your car needs extensive repairs and, after some checking, you find that you could sell it for $750. You can deduct $750, the true fair market value of the car, as a charitable contribution.
Large quantities.
If you contribute a large number of the same item, fair market value is the price at which comparable numbers of the item are being sold.
Giving Property That Has Decreased in Value
If you contribute property with a fair market value that is less than your basis in it, your deduction is limited to fair market value. You cannot claim a deduction for the difference between the property’s basis and its fair market value.
Giving Property That Has Increased in Value
If you contribute property with a fair market value that is more than your basis in it, you may have to reduce the fair market value by the amount of appreciation (increase in value) when you figure your deduction.
Your "basis" in property is generally what you paid for it. See chapter 14 if you need more information about basis.
Different rules apply to figuring your deduction, depending on whether the property is:
- Ordinary income property, or
- Capital gain property.
Ordinary income property.
Property is ordinary income property if its sale at fair market value on the date it was contributed would have resulted in ordinary income or in short-term capital gain. Examples of ordinary income property are inventory, works of art created by the donor, manuscripts prepared by the donor, and capital assets held one year or less.
The amount you can deduct for a contribution of ordinary income property is its fair market value less the amount that would be ordinary income or short-term capital gain if you sold the property for its fair market value. Generally, this rule limits the deduction to your basis in the property.
Example.
You donate stock that you held for 5 months to your church. The fair market value of the stock on the day you donate it is $1,000, but you paid only $800 (your basis). Because the $200 of appreciation would be short-term capital gain if you sold the stock, your deduction is limited to $800 (fair market value less the appreciation).
Capital gain property.
Property is capital gain property if its sale at fair market value on the date of the contribution would have resulted in long-term capital gain. It includes capital assets held more than one year, as well as certain real property and depreciable property used in your trade or business and, generally, held more than one year.
Amount of deduction--general rule.
When figuring your deduction for a gift of capital gain property, you usually can use the fair market value of the gift.
Exceptions.
In certain situations, you must reduce the fair market value by any amount that would have been long-term capital gain if you had sold the property for its fair market value. Generally, this means reducing the fair market value to the property’s cost or other basis.
Bargain sales.
A bargain sale of property to a qualified organization (a sale or exchange for less than the property’s fair market value) is partly a charitable contribution and partly a sale or exchange. A bargain sale may result in a taxable gain.
More information.
For more information on donated appreciated property, see Giving Property That Has Increased in Value in Publication 526.
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