There are times when you cannot use cost as basis. In these situations, the fair market value or the adjusted basis of property may be used. Adjusted basis was discussed earlier. Fair market value is discussed next.

Fair market value (FMV). Fair market value (FMV) is the price at which property would change hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller, neither having to buy or sell, and both having reasonable knowledge of all necessary facts. Sales of similar property on or about the same date may help in figuring the FMV of the property.

Property changed to business or rental use. When you hold property for personal use and change it to business use or use it to produce rent, you must figure its basis for depreciation. An example of changing property from personal to business use would be renting out your personal residence.

Basis for depreciation. The basis for depreciation is the lesser of the following amounts.

• The FMV of the property on the date of the change.
• Your adjusted basis on the date of the change.

Property received for services. If you receive property for services, include the property's FMV in income. The amount you include in income becomes your basis. If the services were performed for a price agreed on beforehand, it will be accepted as the FMV of the property if there is no evidence to the contrary.

Taxable Exchanges

A taxable exchange is one in which the gain is taxable, or the loss is deductible. A taxable gain or deductible loss also is known as a recognized gain or loss. A taxable exchange occurs when you receive cash or get property that is not similar or related in use to the property exchanged. If you receive property in exchange for other property in a taxable exchange, the basis of the property you receive is usually its FMV at the time of the exchange.

Example. You trade a tract of farm land with an adjusted basis of $3,000 for a tractor that has an FMV of $6,000. You must report a taxable gain of $3,000 for the land. The tractor has a basis of $6,000.

Nontaxable Exchanges

A nontaxable exchange is an exchange in which you are not taxed on any gain and you cannot deduct any loss. A nontaxable gain or loss also is known as an unrecognized gain or loss. If you receive property in a nontaxable exchange, its basis is usually the same as the basis of the property you transferred.

Example. You traded a truck you used in your farming business for a new smaller truck to use in farming. The adjusted basis of the old truck was $10,000. The FMV of the new truck is $14,000. Because this is a nontaxable exchange, you do not recognize any gain, and your basis in the new truck is $10,000, the same as the adjusted basis of the truck you traded.

Like-Kind Exchanges

The exchange of property for the same kind of property is the most common type of nontaxable exchange.

For an exchange to qualify as a like-kind exchange, you must hold for business or investment purposes both the property you transfer and the property you receive. There must also be an exchange of like-kind property. For more information, see Like-Kind Exchanges in chapter 10.

The basis of the property you receive is the same as the basis of the property you gave up.

Example. You trade a machine (adjusted basis $8,000) for another like-kind machine (FMV $9,000). You use both machines in your farming business. The basis of the machine you receive is $8,000, the same as the machine traded.

Exchange expenses. Exchange expenses generally are the closing costs that you pay. They include such items as brokerage commissions, attorney fees, and deed preparation fees. Add them to the basis of the like-kind property you receive.

Property plus cash. If you trade property in a like-kind exchange and also pay money, the basis of the property you receive is the basis of the property you gave up plus the money you paid.

Example. You trade in a truck (adjusted basis $3,000) for another truck (FMV $7,500) and pay $4,000. Your basis in the new truck is $7,000 (the $3,000 basis of the old truck plus the $4,000 cash).

Special rules for related persons. If a like-kind exchange takes place directly or indirectly between related persons and either party disposes of the property within 2 years after the exchange, the exchange no longer qualifies for like-kind exchange treatment. Each person must report any gain or loss not recognized on the original exchange. Each person reports it on the tax return filed for the year in which the later disposition occurred. If this rule applies, the basis of the property received in the original exchange will be its FMV. For more information, see chapter 10.

Exchange of business property. Exchanging the property of one business for the property of another business is a multiple property exchange. For information on figuring basis, see Multiple Property Exchanges in chapter 1 of Publication 544, Sales and Other Dispositions of Assets.

Partially Nontaxable Exchange

A partially nontaxable exchange is an exchange in which you receive unlike property or money in addition to like property. The basis of the property you receive is the same as the basis of the property you gave up with the following adjustments.

1. Decrease the basis by the following amounts.
1. Any money you receive.
2. Any loss you recognize on the exchange.
2. Increase the basis by the following amounts.
1. Any additional costs you incur.
2. Any gain you recognize on the exchange.

If the other party to the exchange assumes your liabilities, treat the debt assumption as money you received in the exchange.

Example 1. You trade farm land (basis $10,000) for another tract of farm land (FMV $11,000) and $3,000 cash. You realize a gain of $4,000. This is the FMV of the land received plus the cash minus the basis of the land you traded ($11,000 + $3,000 - $10,000). Include your gain in income (recognize gain) only to the extent of the cash received. Your basis in the land you received is figured as follows.

Basis of land traded	$10,000
Minus: Cash received (adjustment 1(a))	- 3,000
	$7,000
Plus: Gain recognized (adjustment 2(b))	+ 3,000
Basis of land received	$10,000

Example 2. You trade a truck (adjusted basis $22,750) for another truck (FMV $20,000) and $10,000 cash. You realize a gain of $7,250. This is the FMV of the truck received plus the cash minus the adjusted basis of the truck you traded ($20,000 + $10,000 - $22,750). You include all the gain in your income (recognize gain) because the gain is less than the cash you received. Your basis in the truck you received is figured as follows.

Adjusted basis of truck traded	$22,750
Minus: Cash received (adjustment 1(a))	-10,000
	$12,750
Plus: Gain recognized (adjustment 2(b))	+ 7,250
Basis of truck received	$20,000

Allocation of basis. If you receive like and unlike properties in the exchange, allocate the basis first to the unlike property, other than money, up to its FMV on the date of the exchange. The rest is the basis of the like property.

Example. You had an adjusted basis of $15,000 in a tractor you traded for another tractor that had an FMV of $12,500. You also received $1,000 cash and a truck that had an FMV of $3,000. The truck is unlike property. You realized a gain of $1,500. This is the FMV of the tractor received plus the FMV of the truck received plus the cash minus the adjusted basis of the tractor you traded ($12,500 + $3,000 + $1,000 - $15,000). You include in income (recognize) all $1,500 of the gain because it is less than the FMV of the unlike property plus the cash received. Your basis in the properties you received is figured as follows.

Adjusted basis of old tractor	$15,000
Minus: Cash received (adjustment 1(a))	- 1,000
	$14,000
Plus: Gain recognized (adjustment 2(b))	+ 1,500
Total basis of properties received	$15,500

Allocate the total basis of $15,500 first to the unlike property--the truck ($3,000). This is the truck's FMV. The rest ($12,500) is the basis of the tractor.

Sale and Purchase

If you sell property and buy similar property in two mutually dependent transactions, you may have to treat the sale and purchase as a single nontaxable exchange.

Example. You used a tractor on your farm for 3 years. Its adjusted basis is $2,000 and its FMV is $4,000. You are interested in a new tractor, which sells for $15,500. Ordinarily, you would trade your old tractor for the new one and pay the dealer $11,500. Your basis for depreciation for the new tractor would then be $13,500 ($11,500 + $2,000, the basis of your old tractor). However, you want a higher basis for depreciating the new tractor, so you agree to pay the dealer $15,500 for the new tractor if he will pay you $4,000 for your old tractor. Because the two transactions are dependent on each other, you are treated as having exchanged your old tractor for the new one and paid $11,500 ($15,500 - $4,000). Your basis for depreciating the new tractor is $13,500, the same as if you traded the old tractor.

Involuntary Conversions

If you receive property as a result of an involuntary conversion, such as a casualty, theft, or condemnation, you may figure the basis of the replacement property you receive using the basis of the converted property.

Similar or related property. If the replacement property is similar or related in service or use to the converted property, the replacement property's basis is the same as the old property's basis on the date of the conversion. However, make the following adjustments.

1. Decrease the basis by the following amounts.
1. Any loss you recognize on the involuntary conversion.
2. Any money you receive that you do not spend on similar property.
2. Increase the basis by the following amounts.
1. Any gain you recognize on the involuntary conversion.
2. Any cost of acquiring the replacement property.

Money or property not similar or related. If you receive money or property not similar or related in service or use to the converted property and you buy replacement property similar or related in service or use to the converted property, the basis of the replacement property is its cost decreased by the gain not recognized on the involuntary conversion.

For more information about involuntary conversions, see chapter 13.

Property Received as a Gift

To figure the basis of property you receive as a gift, you must know its adjusted basis (defined earlier) to the donor just before it was given to you. You also must know its FMV at the time it was given to you and any gift tax paid on it.

FMV equal to or more than donor's adjusted basis. If the FMV of the property is equal to or more than the donor's adjusted basis, your basis is the donor's adjusted basis when you received the gift. Increase your basis by all or part of any gift tax paid, depending on the date of the gift.

Also, for figuring gain or loss from a sale or other disposition of the property, or for figuring depreciation, depletion, or amortization deductions on business property, you must increase or decrease your basis (the donor's adjusted basis) by any required adjustments to basis while you held the property. See Adjusted Basis, earlier.

Gift received before 1977. If you received a gift before 1977, increase your basis in the gift (the donor's adjusted basis) by any gift tax paid on it. However, do not increase your basis above the FMV of the gift when it was given to you.

Example 1. You were given a house in 1976 with an FMV of $21,000. The donor's adjusted basis was $20,000. The donor paid a gift tax of $500. Your basis is $20,500, the donor's adjusted basis plus the gift tax paid.

Example 2. If, in Example 1, the gift tax paid had been $1,500, your basis would be $21,000. This is the donor's adjusted basis plus the gift tax paid, limited to the FMV of the house at the time you received the gift.

Gift received after 1976. If you received a gift after 1976, increase your basis in the gift (the donor's adjusted basis) by the part of the gift tax paid on it that is due to the net increase in value of the gift. Figure the increase by multiplying the gift tax paid by the following fraction.

The net increase in value of the gift is the FMV of the gift minus the donor's adjusted basis. The amount of the gift is its value for gift tax purposes after reduction by any annual exclusion and marital or charitable deduction that applies to the gift. For information on the gift tax, see Publication 950, Introduction to Estate and Gift Taxes.

Example. In 2001, you received a gift of property from your mother that had an FMV of $50,000. Her adjusted basis was $20,000. The amount of the gift for gift tax purposes was $40,000 ($50,000 minus the $10,000 annual exclusion). She paid a gift tax of $9,000. Your basis, $26,750, is figured as follows:

Fair market value	$50,000
Minus: Adjusted basis	-20,000
Net increase in value	$30,000
Gift tax paid	$9,000
Multiplied by ($30,000 × $40,000)	× .75
Gift tax due to net increase in value	$6,750
Adjusted basis of property to your mother	+20,000
Your basis in the property	$26,750

FMV less than donor's adjusted basis. If the FMV of the property at the time of the gift is less than the donor's adjusted basis, your basis depends on whether you have a gain or a loss when you dispose of the property. Your basis for figuring gain is the donor's adjusted basis plus or minus any required adjustment to basis while you held the property. Your basis for figuring loss is its FMV when you received the gift plus or minus any required adjustment to basis while you held the property. (See Adjusted Basis, earlier.)

If you use the donor's adjusted basis for figuring a gain and get a loss, and then use the FMV for figuring a loss and get a gain, you have neither gain nor loss on the sale or other disposition of the property.

Example. You received farm land as a gift from your parents when they retired from farming. At the time of the gift, the land had an FMV of $80,000. Your parents' adjusted basis was $100,000. After you received the land, no events occurred that would increase or decrease your basis.

If you sell the land for $120,000, you will have a $20,000 gain because you must use the donor's adjusted basis at the time of the gift ($100,000) as your basis to figure a gain. If you sell the land for $70,000, you will have a $10,000 loss because you must use the FMV at the time of the gift ($80,000) as your basis to figure a loss.

If the sales price is between $80,000 and $100,000, you have neither gain nor loss. For instance, if the sales price was $90,000 and you tried to figure a gain using the donor's adjusted basis ($100,000), you would get a $10,000 loss. If you then tried to figure a loss using the FMV ($80,000), you would get a $10,000 gain.

Business property. If you hold the gift as business property, your basis for figuring any depreciation, depletion, or amortization deductions is the same as the donor's adjusted basis plus or minus any required adjustments to basis while you hold the property.

Property Transferred From a Spouse

The basis of property transferred to you or transferred in trust for your benefit by your spouse is the same as your spouse's adjusted basis. The same rule applies to a transfer by your former spouse if the transfer is incident to divorce. However, adjust your basis for any gain recognized by your spouse or former spouse on property transferred in trust. This rule applies only to a transfer of property in trust in which the liabilities assumed plus the liabilities to which the property is subject are more than the adjusted basis of the property transferred.

The transferor must give you records needed to determine the adjusted basis and holding period of the property as of the date of the transfer.

For more information, see Property Settlements in Publication 504, Divorced or Separated Individuals.

Inherited Property

Your basis in property you inherit is generally one of the following.

1. The FMV of the property at the date of the individual's death.
2. The FMV on the alternate valuation date, if the personal representative for the estate chooses to use alternate valuation. For information on the alternate valuation date, see the instructions for Form 706.
3. The decedent's adjusted basis in land to the extent of the value that is excluded from the decedent's taxable estate as a qualified conservation easement. For information on a qualified conservation easement, see the instructions for Form 706.
4. The value under the special-use valuation method for real property used in farming or other closely held business, if chosen for estate tax purposes. This method is discussed next.

If a federal estate tax return does not have to be filed, your basis in the inherited property is its appraised value at the date of death for state inheritance or transmission taxes.

Special use valuation. Under certain conditions, when a person dies, the executor or personal representative of that person's estate may choose to value the qualified real property at other than its FMV. If so, the executor or personal representative values the qualified real property based on its use as a farm or other closely held business. If the executor or personal representative chooses this method of valuation for estate tax purposes, this value is the basis of the property for the heirs. The qualified heirs should be able to get the necessary value from the executor or personal representative of the estate.

If you are a qualified heir who received special-use valuation property, increase your basis by any gain recognized by the estate or trust because of post-death appreciation. Post-death appreciation is the property's FMV on the date of distribution minus the property's FMV either on the date of the individual's death or on the alternate valuation date. Figure all FMVs without regard to the special-use valuation.

You may be liable for the additional estate tax if, within 10 years after the death of the decedent, you transfer the property or the property stops being used as a farm. This tax may apply if you dispose of the property in a like-kind exchange or involuntary conversion. The tax does not apply if you transfer the property to a member of your family and certain requirements are met. See Form 706-A and its instructions for more information on this tax.

You can elect to increase your basis in special-use valuation property if it becomes subject to the additional estate tax. To increase your basis, you must make an irrevocable election and pay interest on the additional estate tax figured from the date 9 months after the decedent's death until the date of payment of the additional estate tax. If you meet these requirements, increase your basis in the property to its FMV on the date of the decedent's death or the alternate valuation date. The increase in your basis is considered to have occurred immediately before the event that resulted in the additional estate tax.

You make the election by filing with Form 706-A, a statement that does all the following.

• Contains your (and the estate's) name, address, and taxpayer identification number.
• Identifies the election as an election under section 1016(c) of the Internal Revenue Code.
• Specifies the property for which you are making the election.
• Provides any additional information required by the Form 706-A instructions.

Community property. In community property states (Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin), husband and wife are each usually considered to own half the community property. When either spouse dies, the total value of the community property, even the part belonging to the surviving spouse, generally becomes the basis of the entire property. For this rule to apply, at least half the value of the community property interest must be includible in the decedent's gross estate, whether or not the estate must file a return.

Example. You and your spouse owned community property that had a basis of $80,000. When your spouse died, half the FMV of the community interest was includible in your spouse's estate. The FMV of the community interest was $100,000. The basis of your half of the property after the death of your spouse is $50,000 (half of the $100,000 FMV). The basis of the other half to your spouse's heirs is also $50,000.

For more information about community property, see Publication 555, Community Property.

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