Are Distributions From My Roth IRA Taxable?

You do not include in your gross income qualified distributions or distributions that are a return of your regular contributions from your Roth IRA(s). You also do not include distributions from your Roth IRA that you roll over tax free into another Roth IRA. You may have to include part of other distributions in your income. See Ordering rules for distributions, later.

What are qualified distributions?   A qualified distribution is any payment or distribution from your Roth IRA that meets the following requirements.

1. It is made after the 5-year period beginning with the first taxable year for which a contribution was made to a Roth IRA set up for your benefit, and
2. The payment or distribution is:
   1. Made on or after the date you reach age 59½,
   2. Made because you are disabled,
   3. Made to a beneficiary or to your estate after your death, or
   4. To pay certain qualified first-time homebuyer amounts discussed in Publication 590.

Additional tax on distributions of conversion contributions within 5-year period.   If, within the 5-year period starting with the year in which you made a conversion contribution of an amount from a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA, you take a distribution from a Roth IRA of an amount attributable to the portion of the conversion contribution that you had to include in income, you generally must pay the 10% additional tax on early distributions. (See Ordering rules for distributions, later, to determine the amount, if any, of the distribution that is attributable to the conversion contribution.) The 5-year period is separately determined for each conversion contribution.

Additional tax on other early distributions.   The taxable part of other distributions from your Roth IRA(s) that are not qualified distributions is subject to the additional tax on early distributions. See Publication 590 for more information.

Ordering rules for distributions.   If you receive a distribution from your Roth IRA that is not a qualified distribution, part of it may be taxable. There is a set order in which contributions (including conversion contributions) and earnings are considered to be distributed from your Roth IRA. Regular contributions are distributed first. See Publication 590 for more information.

Must I withdraw or use Roth IRA assets?   You are not required to take distributions from your Roth IRA at any age. The minimum distribution rules that apply to traditional IRAs do not apply to Roth IRAs while the owner is alive. However, after the death of a Roth IRA owner, certain of the minimum distribution rules that apply to traditional IRAs also apply to Roth IRAs.

More information.   For more detailed information on Roth IRAs, see Publication 590.

Moving Expenses

Important Change

Standard mileage rate.   The standard mileage rate for moving expenses has been increased to 13 cents a mile. See Travel by car under Deductible Moving Expenses.

Important Reminder

Change of address.   If you change your mailing address, be sure to notify the IRS using Form 8822, Change of Address. Mail it to the Internal Revenue Service Center for your old address. Addresses for the Service Centers are on the back of the form.

Introduction

This chapter explains the deduction of certain expenses of moving to a new home because you changed job locations or started a new job. This includes the following topics.

• Who can deduct moving expenses.
• What moving expenses are deductible.
• What moving expenses are not deductible.
• How to report moving expenses.

You may qualify for the moving expense deduction whether you are self-employed or an employee. However, you must meet the requirements explained under Who Can Deduct Moving Expenses.

Moves to locations outside the United States.   This chapter does not discuss moves outside the United States. If you are a United States citizen or resident alien who moved outside the United States or its possessions because of your job or business, see Publication 521, Moving Expenses, for special rules that apply to your move.

Useful Items You may want to see:

Publication

• 521   Moving Expenses

Form (and Instructions)

• 3903   Moving Expenses
• 8822   Change of Address

Who Can Deduct Moving Expenses

You can deduct your moving expenses if your move is closely related to the start of work. You also must meet the distance test and the time test. These two tests are discussed later. After you have read the distance and time test rules, you may want to use Figure 19-B to help you decide if your move qualifies.

Related to Start of Work

Your move must be closely related, both in time and in place, to the start of work at your new job location.

Closely related in time.   You can generally consider moving expenses incurred within 1 year from the date you first reported to work at the new location as closely related in time to the start of work. It is not necessary that you arrange to work before moving to a new location, as long as you actually do go to work.

If you do not move within 1 year of the date you begin work, you ordinarily cannot deduct the expenses unless you can show that circumstances existed that prevented the move within that time.

Example.   Your family moved more than a year after you started work at a new location. You delayed the move for 18 months to allow your child to complete high school. You can deduct your moving expenses.

Closely related in place.   You can generally consider your move closely related in place to the start of work if the distance from your new home to the new job location is not more than the distance from your former home to the new job location. A move that does not meet this requirement may qualify if you can show that:

1. You are required to live at your new home as a condition of your employment, or
2. You will spend less time or money commuting from your new home to your new job location.

Retirees or survivors.   You may be able to deduct the expenses of moving to the United States or its possessions even if the move is not related to the start of work at a new job location. You must have worked outside the United States or be a survivor of someone who did. See Retirees or Survivors Who Move to the United States, later.

Home defined.   Your home means your main home (residence). It can be a house, apartment, condominium, houseboat, house trailer, or similar dwelling. It does not include other homes owned or kept up by you or members of your family. It also does not include a seasonal home, such as a summer beach cottage. Your former home means your home before you left for your new job location. Your new home means your home within the area of your new job location.

Distance Test

Your move will meet the distance test if your new main job location is at least 50 miles farther from your former home than your old main job location was from your former home. For example, if your old main job location was 3 miles from your former home, your new main job location must be at least 53 miles from that former home.

The distance between a job location and your home is the shortest of the more commonly traveled routes between them. The distance test considers only the location of your former home. It does not take into account the location of your new home. See Figure 19-A.

Example.   You moved to a new home less than 50 miles from your former home because you changed main job locations. Your old main job location was 3 miles from your former home. Your new main job location is 60 miles from that home. Because your new main job location is 57 miles farther from your former home than the distance from your former home to your old main job location, you meet the distance test.

First job or return to full-time work.   If you go to work full time for the first time, your place of work must be at least 50 miles from your former home to meet the distance test.

If you go back to full-time work after a substantial period of part-time work or unemployment, your place of work must also be at least 50 miles from your former home.

Exception for Armed Forces.   If you are in the Armed Forces and you moved because of a permanent change of station, you do not have to meet the distance test. See Members of the Armed Forces, later.

Main job location.   Your main job location is usually the place where you spend most of your working time. If there is no one place where you spend most of your working time, your main job location is the place where your work is centered, such as where you report for work or are otherwise required to base your work.

Union members.   If you work for several employers on a short-term basis and you get work under a union hall system (such as a construction or building trades worker), your main job location is the union hall.

More than one job.   If you have more than one job at any time, your main job location depends on the facts in each case. The more important factors to be considered are:

• The total time you spend at each place,
• The amount of work you do at each place, and
• How much money you earn at each place.

Time Test

To deduct your moving expenses, you also must meet one of the following two time tests.

1. The time test for employees.
2. The time test for self-employed persons.

See Table 19-1 for a summary of these tests.

Figure 19-A. Distance Test

Figure 19-A. Distance Test

Time test for employees.   If you are an employee, you must work full time for at least 39 weeks during the first 12 months after you arrive in the general area of your new job location. Full-time employment depends on what is usual for your type of work in your area.

For purposes of this test, the following four rules apply.

1. You count only your full-time work as an employee, not any work you do as a self-employed person.
2. You do not have to work for the same employer for all 39 weeks.
3. You do not have to work 39 weeks in a row.
4. You must work full time within the same general commuting area for all 39 weeks.

Temporary absence from work.   You are considered to have worked full time during any week you are temporarily absent from work because of illness, strikes, lockouts, layoffs, natural disasters, or similar causes. You are also considered to have worked full time during any week you are absent from work for leave or vacation provided for in your work contract or agreement.

Seasonal work.   If your work is seasonal, you are considered to be working full time during the off-season only if your work contract or agreement covers an off-season period and that period is less than 6 months. For example, a school teacher on a 12-month contract who teaches on a full-time basis for more than 6 months is considered to have worked full time for the entire 12 months.

Time test for self-employed persons.   If you are self-employed, you must work full time for at least 39 weeks during the first 12 months AND for a total of at least 78 weeks during the first 24 months after you arrive in your new job location. For purposes of this test, the following three rules apply.

1. You count any full-time work you do either as an employee or as a self-employed person.
2. You do not have to work for the same employer or be self-employed in the same trade or business for the 78 weeks.
3. You must work within the same general commuting area for all 78 weeks.

If you were both an employee and self-employed, see Table 19-1 for the requirements.

Table 19-1. Satisfying the Time Test for Employees       and Self-Employed Persons

IF you are...	THEN you satisfy the time test by   meeting...
An employee	The 39-week test for employees.
Self-employed and an employee but unable to satisfy the 39-week test for employees	The 78-week test for self-employed   persons.
Both self-employed and an employee at the same time	The 78-week test for a   self-employed person or the   39-week test for an employee based   on your principal place of work.
Self-employed	The 78-week test for self-employed   persons.

Figure 19-B. Satisfying the Time Test for Employees and Self-Employed Persons

Table 19-1. Satisfying the Time Test for Employees       and Self-Employed Persons

IF you are...	THEN you satisfy the time test by   meeting...
An employee	The 39-week test for employees.
Self-employed and an employee but unable to satisfy the 39-week test for employees	The 78-week test for self-employed   persons.
Both self-employed and an employee at the same time	The 78-week test for a   self-employed person or the   39-week test for an employee based   on your principal place of work.
Self-employed	The 78-week test for self-employed   persons.

Self-employment.   You are self-employed if you work as the sole owner of an unincorporated business or as a partner in a partnership carrying on a business. You are not considered self-employed if you are semiretired, are a part-time student, or work only a few hours each week.

Full-time work.   You can count only those weeks during which you work full time as a week of work. Whether you work full time during any week depends on what is usual for your type of work in your area.

For more information, see Time test for self-employed persons in Publication 521.

Joint return.    If you are married and file a joint return and both you and your spouse work full time, either of you can satisfy the full-time work test. However, you cannot combine the weeks your spouse worked with the weeks you worked to satisfy that test.

Time test not yet met.   You can deduct your moving expenses on your 2002 tax return even if you have not yet met the time test by the date your 2002 return is due. You can do this if you expect to meet the 39-week test in 2003, or the 78-week test in 2003 or 2004. If you deduct moving expenses but do not meet the time test in 2003, or 2004, you must either:

1. Report your moving expense deduction as other income on your Form 1040 for the year you cannot meet the test, or
2. Amend your 2002 return.

Use Form 1040X, Amended U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, to amend your return.

If you do not deduct your moving expenses on your 2002 return and you later meet the time test, you can file an amended return for 2002 to take the deduction.

Figure 19-B. Qualifying Moves

Figure 19-B. Qualifying Moves

Exceptions to the Time Test

You do not have to meet the time test if one of the following applies.

1. You are in the Armed Forces and you moved because of a permanent change of station. See Members of the Armed Forces, later.
2. You moved to the United States because you retired. See Retirees or Survivors Who Move to the United States, later.
3. You are the survivor of a person whose main job location at the time of death was outside the United States. See Retirees or Survivors Who Move to the United States, later.
4. Your job at the new location ends because of death or disability.
5. You are transferred for your employer's benefit or laid off for a reason other than willful misconduct. For this exception, you must have obtained full-time employment and you must have expected to meet the test at the time you started the job.

Members of the Armed Forces

If you are a member of the Armed Forces on active duty and you move because of a permanent change of station, you do not have to meet the distance and time tests, discussed earlier. You can deduct your unreimbursed moving expenses.

A permanent change of station includes:

• A move from your home to your first post of active duty,
• A move from one permanent post of duty to another, and
• A move from your last post of duty to your home or to a nearer point in the United States. The move must occur within 1 year of ending your active duty or within the period allowed under the Joint Travel Regulations.

Spouse and dependents.   If a member of the Armed Forces dies, is imprisoned, or deserts, a permanent change of station for the spouse or dependent includes a move to:

• The place of enlistment,
• The member's, spouse's, or dependent's home of record, or
• A nearer point in the United States.

If the military moves you and your spouse and dependents to or from separate locations, the moves are treated as a single move to your new main job location.

More information.   For more information on moving expenses for members of the Armed Forces, and instructions for completing Form 3903, see Members of the Armed Forces in Publication 521.

Retirees or Survivors Who Move to the United States

If you are a retiree who was working abroad or a survivor of a decedent who was working abroad and you move to the United States or one of its possessions, you do not have to meet the time test, discussed earlier. However, you must meet the requirements discussed below under Retirees who were working abroad or Survivors of decedents who were working abroad.

United States defined.   For this section of the chapter, the term United States includes the possessions of the United States.

Retirees who were working abroad.   You can deduct moving expenses for a move to a new home in the United States when you permanently retire. However, both your former main job location and your former home must have been outside the United States.

Permanently retired.   You are considered permanently retired when you cease gainful full-time employment or self-employment. If, at the time you retire, you intend your retirement to be permanent, you will be considered retired though you later return to work. Your intention to retire permanently may be determined by:

1. Your age and health,
2. The customary retirement age for people who do similar work,
3. Whether you receive retirement payments from a pension or retirement fund, and
4. The length of time before you return to full-time work.

Survivors of decedents who were working abroad.   If you are the spouse or the dependent of a person whose main job location at the time of death was outside the United States, you can deduct moving expenses if the following five requirements are met.

1. The move is to a home in the United States.
2. The move begins within 6 months after the decedent's death. (When a move begins is described later.)
3. The move is from the decedent's former home.
4. The decedent's former home was outside the United States.
5. The decedent's former home was also your home.

When a move begins.   A move begins when one of the following events occurs.

1. You contract for your household goods and personal effects to be moved to your home in the United States, but only if the move is completed within a reasonable time.
2. Your household goods and personal effects are packed and on the way to your home in the United States.
3. You leave your former home to travel to your new home in the United States.

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