(Secs. 1102(a), (c), and (d) of the Bill and Sec. 7803(c) of the Code)

Present Law

Taxpayer Advocate

In 1996, the Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2 ("TBOR 2") established the position of Taxpayer Advocate, which replaced the position of Taxpayer Ombudsman, created in 1979 by the IRS. The Taxpayer Advocate is appointed by and reports directly to the IRS Commissioner.

TBOR 2 also created the Office of the Taxpayer Advocate. The functions of the office are (1) to assist taxpayers in resolving problems with the IRS, (2) to identify areas in which taxpayers have problems in dealings with the IRS, (3) to propose changes (to the extent possible) in the administrative practices of the IRS that will mitigate those problems, and (4) to identify potential legislative changes that may mitigate those problems.

Taxpayer assistance orders

Taxpayers can request that the Taxpayer Advocate issue a taxpayer assistance order ("TAO") if the taxpayer is suffering or about to suffer a significant hardship as a result of the manner in which the internal revenue laws are being administered. A TAO may require the IRS to release property of the taxpayer that has been levied upon, or to cease any action, take any action as permitted by law, or refrain from taking any action with respect to the taxpayer.

Under present law, the direct point of contact for taxpayers seeking taxpayer assistance orders is a problem resolution officer appointed by a District Director or a Regional Director of Appeals. The Taxpayer Advocate has designated the authority to issue taxpayer assistance orders to the local and regional problem resolution officers.

Reports of the Taxpayer Advocate

The Taxpayer Advocate is required to report annually to the House Committee on Ways and Means and the Senate Finance Committee on the objectives of the Taxpayer Advocate for the up-coming fiscal year. This report is required to be provided no later than June 30 of each calendar year and is to contain full and substantive analysis, in addition to statistical information.

The Taxpayer Advocate is also required to report annually to the House Committee on Ways and Means and the Senate Finance Committee on the activities of the Taxpayer Advocate during the most recently ended fiscal year. This report is required to be provided no later than December 31 of each calendar year, and is to contain full and substantive analysis, in addition to statistical information. This report is also required to: (1) identify the initiatives the Taxpayer Advocate has taken on improving taxpayer services and IRS responsiveness; (2) contain recommendations received from individuals with the authority to issue TAOs; (3) contain a summary of at least 20 of the most serious problems encountered by taxpayers, including a description of the nature of such problems; (4) contain an inventory of the items described in (1), (2), and (3) for which action has been taken and the result of such action; (5) contain an inventory of the items described in (1), (2), and (3) for which action remains to be completed and the period during which each item has remained on such inventory; (6) contain an inventory of the items described in (1), (2) and (3) for which no action has been taken, the period during which the item has remained on the inventory, the reasons for the inaction, and identify any IRS official who is responsible for the inaction; (7) identify any TAO that was not honored by the IRS in a timely manner; (8) contain recommendations for such administrative and legislative action as may be appropriate to resolve problems encountered by taxpayers; (9) describe the extent to which regional problem resolution officers participate in the selection and evaluation of local problem resolution officers, and (10) include such other information as the Taxpayer Advocate deems advisable.

The reports of the Taxpayer Advocate are to be submitted directly to the Congressional Committees without prior review or comment from the Commissioner, Secretary, any other officer or employee of the Treasury, or the Office of Management and Budget.

Reasons for Change

The Committee believes that the Taxpayer Advocate serves an important role within the IRS in terms of preserving taxpayer rights and solving problems that taxpayers encounter in their dealings with the IRS. To that end, it is appropriate that the IRS Oversight Board have input in the selection of the Taxpayer Advocate. Due to the enhanced powers of the Taxpayer Advocate in TBOR 2 and this bill, the Committee has been advised that the Taxpayer Advocate should be appointed by the Secretary to avoid constitutional problems. In addition, the Committee believes that the Taxpayer Advocate should have experience appropriate to the position and that the Taxpayer Advocate's objectivity would be best preserved by limiting prior and future employment with the IRS. The Committee also believes that the reporting requirements of the Taxpayer Advocate should be targeted not only towards solving problems with the IRS but also towards preventing problems before they arise.

The Committee believes that the Taxpayer Advocate must have broad discretion to provide relief to taxpayers. In determining whether a taxpayer assistance order should be issued, the Taxpayer Advocate should consider certain factors as constituting a "significant hardship" for the taxpayer. In addition to providing relief if the taxpayer is about to suffer a significant hardship, the Taxpayer Assistance Order should be issued in other appropriate situations, such as if there is an immediate threat of adverse action, if there has been a delay of more than 30 days in resolving the taxpayer's account problems, the taxpayer will have to pay significant costs if relief is not granted, or the taxpayer will suffer irreparable injury, or long-term adverse impact, if relief is not granted. The Committee believes that the Taxpayer Advocate should have flexibility to issue a TAO under any appropriate circumstances, not only when one of the listed factors exists.

Explanation of Provision

National Taxpayer Advocate

The bill renames the Taxpayer Advocate the "National Taxpayer Advocate." The bill provides that the IRS Oversight Board is to recommend to the Secretary 3 candidates for National Taxpayer Advocate from among individuals with a background in customer service as well as tax law and with experience representing individual taxpayers. The Secretary is required to choose a National Taxpayer Advocate from among the individuals recommended by the Oversight Board. An individual may be appointed as the National Taxpayer Advocate only if the individual was not an officer or employee of the IRS during the 2-year period ending with such appointment and the individual agrees not to accept employment with the IRS for at least 5 years after ceasing to be the National Taxpayer Advocate.

The bill replaces the present-law problem resolution system with a system of local Taxpayer Advocates who report directly to the National Taxpayer Advocate and who will be employees of the Taxpayer Advocate's Office, independent from the IRS examination, collection, and appeals functions. The National Taxpayer Advocate has the responsibility to evaluate and take personnel actions (including dismissal) with respect to any local Taxpayer Advocate or any employee in the Office of the National Taxpayer Advocate. In conjunction with the Commissioner, the National Taxpayer Advocate is required to develop career paths for local Taxpayer Advocates.

The National Taxpayer Advocate is required to monitor the coverage and geographical allocation of the local Taxpayer Advocates, develop guidance to be distributed to all IRS officers and employees outlining the criteria for referral of taxpayer inquires to local taxpayer advocates, ensure that the local telephone number for the local taxpayer advocate is published and available to taxpayers.

Each local Taxpayer Advocate may consult with the appropriate supervisory personnel of the IRS regarding the daily operation of the office of the Taxpayer Advocate. At the initial meeting with any taxpayer seeking the assistance of the Office of the Taxpayer Advocate, the local taxpayer advocate is required to notify the taxpayer that the Office operated independently of any other IRS office and reports directly to Congress through the National Taxpayer Advocate. At the discretion of the local taxpayer advocate, the advocate shall not disclose to the IRS any contact with or information provided by the taxpayer. Each local office of the Taxpayer Advocate is to maintain a separate phone, facsimile, and other electronic communication access, and a separate post office address.

The IRS would be required to publish the taxpayer's right to contact the local Taxpayer Advocate on the statutory notice of deficiency.

Taxpayer assistance orders

The provision expands the circumstances under which a TAO may be issued. The bill provides that a "significant hardship" is deemed to occur if one of the following four factors exists: (1) there is an immediate threat of adverse action; (2) there has been a delay of more than 30 days in resolving the taxpayer's account problems; (3) the taxpayer will have to pay significant costs (including fees for professional services) if relief is not granted; or (4) the taxpayer will suffer irreparable injury, or a long-term adverse impact, if relief is not granted. These factors are not an exclusive list of what constitutes a significant hardship; a TAO may also be issued in other circumstances in which it is determined that the taxpayer is or will suffer a significant hardship. The Taxpayer Advocate is also authorized to issue a TAO in any circumstances that the Taxpayer Advocate considers appropriate for the issuance of a TAO.

In determining whether to issue a TAO in cases in which the IRS failed to follow applicable published guidance (including procedures set forth in the Internal Revenue Manual), the Taxpayer Advocate is to construe the matter in a manner most favorable to the taxpayer.

Reports of the National Taxpayer Advocate

The provision requires the annual report regarding the activities of the National Taxpayer Advocate for the most recently ended fiscal year to (in addition to the information required under present law): (1) identify areas of the tax law that impose significant compliance burdens on taxpayers or the IRS, including specific recommendations for remedying such problems; and (2) identify the 10 most litigated issues for each category of taxpayers, including recommendations for mitigating such disputes.

Effective Date

The provision is generally effective on the date of enactment. During the period before the appointment of the IRS Oversight Board, the National Taxpayer Advocate shall be appointed by the Secretary (taking into consideration individuals nominated by the Commissioner) from among individuals who have a background in customer service as well as tax law and experience in representing individual taxpayers. The provision providing that the Taxpayer Advocate reports directly to the Commissioner, the provision providing that the Taxpayer Advocate is appointed by the Secretary, and the restrictions on previous and subsequent employment of the Taxpayer Advocate do not apply to the individual serving as the Taxpayer Advocate on the date of enactment.