| Publication 519 |
2008 Tax Year |
1.
Nonresident Alien or Resident Alien?
You should first determine whether, for income tax purposes, you are a nonresident alien or a resident alien. Figure 1-A will
help you make this
determination.
If you are both a nonresident and resident in the same year, you have a dual status. Dual status is explained later. Also
explained later are a
choice to treat your nonresident spouse as a resident and some other special situations.
Topics - This chapter discusses:
-
How to determine if you are a nonresident, resident, or dual-status alien, and
-
How to treat a nonresident spouse as a resident alien.
Useful Items - You may want to see:
Form (and Instructions)
-
1040
U.S. Individual Income Tax Return
-
1040A
U.S. Individual Income Tax Return
-
1040NR
U.S. Nonresident Alien Income Tax Return
-
8833
Treaty-Based Return Position Disclosure Under Section 6114 or 7701(b)
-
8840
Closer Connection Exception Statement for Aliens
-
8843
Statement for Exempt Individuals and Individuals With a Medical Condition
See chapter 12 for information about getting these forms.
If you are an alien (not a U.S. citizen), you are considered a nonresident alien unless you meet one of the two tests described
next under
Resident Aliens.
You are a resident alien of the United States for tax purposes if you meet either the green card test or the substantial presence
test for calendar
year 2007 (January 1-December 31). Even if you do not meet either of these tests, you may be able to choose to be treated
as a U.S. resident for
part of the year. See First-Year Choice under Dual-Status Aliens, later.
You are a resident for tax purposes if you are a lawful permanent resident of the United States at any time during calendar
year 2007. (However,
see Dual-Status Aliens, later.) This is known as the “green card” test. You are a lawful permanent resident of the United States at
any time if you have been given the privilege, according to the immigration laws, of residing permanently in the United States
as an immigrant. You
generally have this status if the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) (or its predecessor organization) has
issued you an alien
registration card, also known as a “green card.” You continue to have resident status under this test unless the status is taken away from you or
is administratively or judicially determined to have been abandoned.
Resident status taken away.
Resident status is considered to have been taken away from you if the U.S. government issues you a final administrative
or judicial order of
exclusion or deportation. A final judicial order is an order that you may no longer appeal to a higher court of competent
jurisdiction.
Resident status abandoned.
An administrative or judicial determination of abandonment of resident status may be initiated by you, the USCIS,
or a U.S. consular officer.
If you initiate the determination, your resident status is considered to be abandoned when you file either of the
following with the USCIS or U.S.
consular officer.
You must file the letter by certified mail, return receipt requested. You must keep a copy of the letter and proof that it
was mailed and
received.
If the USCIS or U.S. consular officer initiates this determination, your resident status will be considered to be
abandoned when the final
administrative order of abandonment is issued. If you are granted an appeal to a federal court of competent jurisdiction,
a final judicial order is
required.
Under U.S. immigration law, a lawful permanent resident who is required to file a tax return as a resident and fails
to do so may be regarded as
having abandoned status and may lose permanent resident status.
A long-term resident who ceases to be a lawful permanent resident may be subject to special reporting requirements and tax
provisions. See
Expatriation Tax in chapter 4.
Termination of residency after June 3, 2004.
If you terminate your residency after June 3, 2004, you will still be considered a U.S. resident for tax purposes
until you notify the Secretary of
Homeland Security and file Form 8854, Initial and Annual Expatriation Information Statement.
Substantial Presence Test
You will be considered a U.S. resident for tax purposes if you meet the substantial presence test for calendar year 2007.
To meet this test, you
must be physically present in the United States on at least:
-
31 days during 2007, and
-
183 days during the 3-year period that includes 2007, 2006, and 2005, counting:
-
All the days you were present in 2007, and
-
⅓ of the days you were present in 2006, and
-
⅙ of the days you were present in 2005.
Example.
You were physically present in the United States on 120 days in each of the years 2005, 2006, and 2007. To determine if you
meet the substantial
presence test for 2007, count the full 120 days of presence in 2007, 40 days in 2006 (⅓ of 120), and 20 days in 2005 (⅙
of 120). Because the total for the 3-year period is 180 days, you are not considered a resident under the substantial presence
test for 2007.
The term United States includes the following areas.
-
All 50 states and the District of Columbia.
-
The territorial waters of the United States.
-
The seabed and subsoil of those submarine areas that are adjacent to U.S. territorial waters and over which the United States
has exclusive
rights under international law to explore and exploit natural resources.
The term does not include U.S. possessions and territories or U.S. airspace.
Days of Presence in the United States
You are treated as present in the United States on any day you are physically present in the country at any time during the
day. However, there are
exceptions to this rule. Do not count the following as days of presence in the United States for the substantial presence
test.
-
Days you commute to work in the United States from a residence in Canada or Mexico if you regularly commute from Canada or
Mexico.
-
Days you are in the United States for less than 24 hours when you are in transit between two places outside the United States.
-
Days you are in the United States as a crew member of a foreign vessel.
-
Days you are unable to leave the United States because of a medical condition that arose while you are in the United States.
-
Days you are an exempt individual.
The specific rules that apply to each of these categories are discussed next.
Regular commuters from Canada or Mexico.
Do not count the days on which you commute to work in the United States from your residence in Canada or Mexico if
you regularly commute from
Canada or Mexico. You are considered to commute regularly if you commute to work in the United States on more than 75% of
the workdays during your
working period.
For this purpose, “ commute” means to travel to work and return to your residence within a 24-hour period. “ Workdays” are the days on
which you work in the United States or Canada or Mexico. “ Working period” means the period beginning with the first day in the current year on
which you are physically present in the United States to work and ending on the last day in the current year on which you
are physically present in
the United States to work. If your work requires you to be present in the United States only on a seasonal or cyclical basis,
your working period
begins on the first day of the season or cycle on which you are present in the United States to work and ends on the last
day of the season or cycle
on which you are present in the United States to work. You can have more than one working period in a calendar year, and your
working period can begin
in one calendar year and end in the following calendar year.
Example.
Maria Perez lives in Mexico and works for Compañía ABC in its office in Mexico. She was assigned to her firm's office in the
United
States from February 1 through June 1. On June 2, she resumed her employment in Mexico. On 69 days, Maria commuted each morning
from her home in
Mexico to work in Compañía ABC's U.S. office. She returned to her home in Mexico on each of those evenings. On 7 days, she
worked in her
firm's Mexico office. For purposes of the substantial presence test, Maria does not count the days she commuted to work in
the United States because
those days equal more than 75% of the workdays during the working period (69 workdays in the United States divided by 76 workdays
in the working
period equals 90.8%).
Days in transit.
Do not count the days you are in the United States for less than 24 hours and you are in transit between two places
outside the United States. You
are considered to be in transit if you engage in activities that are substantially related to completing travel to your foreign
destination. For
example, if you travel between airports in the United States to change planes en route to your foreign destination, you are
considered to be in
transit. However, you are not considered to be in transit if you attend a business meeting while in the United States. This
is true even if the
meeting is held at the airport.
Crew members.
Do not count the days you are temporarily present in the United States as a regular crew member of a foreign vessel
engaged in transportation
between the United States and a foreign country or a U.S. possession. However, this exception does not apply if you otherwise
engage in any trade or
business in the United States on those days.
Medical condition.
Do not count the days you intended to leave, but could not leave the United States because of a medical condition
or problem that arose while you
were in the United States. Whether you intended to leave the United States on a particular day is determined based on all
the facts and circumstances.
For example, you may be able to establish that you intended to leave if your purpose for visiting the United States could
be accomplished during a
period that is not long enough to qualify you for the substantial presence test. However, if you need an extended period of
time to accomplish the
purpose of your visit and that period would qualify you for the substantial presence test, you would not be able to establish
an intent to leave the
United States before the end of that extended period.
In the case of an individual who is judged mentally incompetent, proof of intent to leave the United States can be
determined by analyzing the
individual's pattern of behavior before he or she was judged mentally incompetent.
If you qualify to exclude days of presence because of a medical condition, you must file a fully completed Form 8843
with the IRS. See Form
8843, later.
You cannot exclude any days of presence in the United States under the following circumstances.
-
You were initially prevented from leaving, were then able to leave, but remained in the United States beyond a reasonable
period for making
arrangements to leave.
-
You returned to the United States for treatment of a medical condition that arose during a prior stay.
-
The condition existed before your arrival in the United States and you were aware of the condition. It does not matter whether
you needed
treatment for the condition when you entered the United States.
Exempt individual.
Do not count days for which you are an exempt individual. The term “ exempt individual” does not refer to someone exempt from U.S. tax, but to
anyone in the following categories.
-
An individual temporarily present in the United States as a foreign government-related individual.
-
A teacher or trainee temporarily present in the United States under a “J” or “Q” visa, who substantially complies with the
requirements of the visa.
-
A student temporarily present in the United States under an “F,” “J,” “M,” or “Q” visa, who substantially complies with
the requirements of the visa.
-
A professional athlete temporarily in the United States to compete in a charitable sports event.
The specific rules for each of these four categories are discussed next.
Foreign government-related individuals.
A foreign government-related individual is an individual (or a member of the individual's immediate family) who is
temporarily present in the
United States:
-
As a full-time employee of an international organization,
-
By reason of diplomatic status, or
-
By reason of a visa (other than a visa that grants lawful permanent residence) that the Secretary of the Treasury determines
represents
full-time diplomatic or consular status.
An international organization is any public international organization that the President of the United States
has designated by Executive Order as being entitled to the privileges, exemptions, and immunities provided for in the International
Organizations Act.
An individual is a full-time employee if his or her work schedule meets the organization's standard full-time work schedule.
An individual is considered to have full-time diplomatic or consular status if he or she:
-
Has been accredited by a foreign government that is recognized by the United States,
-
Intends to engage primarily in official activities for that foreign government while in the United States, and
-
Has been recognized by the President, Secretary of State, or a consular officer as being entitled to that status.
Members of the immediate family include the individual's spouse and unmarried children (whether by blood or adoption)
but only if the spouse's or
unmarried children's visa statuses are derived from and dependent on the exempt individual's visa classification. Unmarried
children are included only
if they:
-
Are under 21 years of age,
-
Reside regularly in the exempt individual's household, and
-
Are not members of another household.
The immediate family of an exempt individual does not include attendants, servants, or personal employees.
Teachers and trainees.
A teacher or trainee is an individual, other than a student, who is temporarily in the United States under a “ J” or “ Q” visa and
substantially complies with the requirements of that visa. You are considered to have substantially complied with the visa
requirements if you have
not engaged in activities that are prohibited by U.S. immigration laws and could result in the loss of your visa status.
Also included are immediate family members of exempt teachers and trainees. See the definition of immediate family,
earlier, under Foreign
government-related individuals.
You will not be an exempt individual as a teacher or trainee if you were exempt as a teacher, trainee, or student
for any part of 2 of the 6
preceding calendar years. However, you will be an exempt individual if you were exempt as a teacher, trainee, or student for
any part of 3 (or fewer)
of the 6 preceding calendar years and:
-
A foreign employer paid all of your compensation during the current year, and
-
A foreign employer paid all of your compensation during each of the preceding 6 years you were present in the United States
as a teacher or
trainee.
A foreign employer includes an office or place of business of an American entity in a foreign country or a U.S. possession.
If you qualify to exclude days of presence as a teacher or trainee, you must file a fully completed Form 8843 with
the IRS. See Form
8843, later.
Example.
Carla was temporarily in the United States during the year as a teacher on a “J” visa. Her compensation for the year was paid by a foreign
employer. Carla was treated as an exempt teacher for the past 2 years but her compensation was not paid by a foreign employer.
She will not be
considered an exempt individual for the current year because she was exempt as a teacher for at least 2 of the past 6 years.
If her compensation for the past 2 years had been paid by a foreign employer, she would be an exempt individual for the current
year.
Students.
A student is any individual who is temporarily in the United States on an “ F,” “ J,” “ M,” or “ Q” visa and who substantially
complies with the requirements of that visa. You are considered to have substantially complied with the visa requirements
if you have not engaged in
activities that are prohibited by U.S. immigration laws and could result in the loss of your visa status.
Also included are immediate family members of exempt students. See the definition of immediate family, earlier, under
Foreign
government-related individuals.
You will not be an exempt individual as a student if you have been exempt as a teacher, trainee, or student for any
part of more than 5 calendar
years unless you establish that you do not intend to reside permanently in the United States and you have substantially complied
with the requirements
of your visa. The facts and circumstances to be considered in determining if you have demonstrated an intent to reside permanently
in the United
States include, but are not limited to, the following.
-
Whether you have maintained a closer connection to a foreign country (discussed later).
-
Whether you have taken affirmative steps to change your status from nonimmigrant to lawful permanent resident as discussed
later under
Closer Connection to a Foreign Country.
If you qualify to exclude days of presence as a student, you must file a fully completed Form 8843 with the IRS. See
Form 8843, later.
Professional athletes.
A professional athlete who is temporarily in the United States to compete in a charitable sports event is an exempt
individual. A charitable sports
event is one that meets the following conditions.
-
The main purpose is to benefit a qualified charitable organization.
-
The entire net proceeds go to charity.
-
Volunteers perform substantially all the work.
In figuring the days of presence in the United States, you can exclude only the days on which you actually competed
in a sports event. You cannot
exclude the days on which you were in the United States to practice for the event, to perform promotional or other activities
related to the event, or
to travel between events.
If you qualify to exclude days of presence as a professional athlete, you must file a fully completed Form 8843 with
the IRS. See Form
8843, next.
Form 8843.
If you exclude days of presence in the United States because you fall into any of the following categories, you must
file a fully completed Form
8843.
-
You were unable to leave the United States as planned because of a medical condition or problem.
-
You were temporarily in the United States as a teacher or trainee on a “J” or “Q” visa.
-
You were temporarily in the United States as a student on an “F,” “J,” “M,” or “Q” visa.
-
You were a professional athlete competing in a charitable sports event.
Attach Form 8843 to your 2007 income tax return. If you do not have to file a return, send Form 8843 to the Department of
the Treasury, Internal
Revenue Service Center, Austin TX 73301-0215, by the due date for filing Form 1040NR or Form 1040NR-EZ. The due date for filing
is discussed in
chapter 7.
If you do not timely file Form 8843, you cannot exclude the days you were present in the United States as a professional athlete
or because of a
medical condition that arose while you were in the United States. This does not apply if you can show by clear and convincing
evidence that you took
reasonable actions to become aware of the filing requirements and significant steps to comply with those requirements.
Closer Connection to a Foreign Country
Even if you meet the substantial presence test, you can be treated as a nonresident alien if you:
-
Are present in the United States for less than 183 days during the year,
-
Maintain a tax home in a foreign country during the year, and
-
Have a closer connection during the year to one foreign country in which you have a tax home than to the United States (unless
you have a
closer connection to two foreign countries, discussed next).
Closer connection to two foreign countries.
You can demonstrate that you have a closer connection to two foreign countries (but not more than two) if you meet
all of the following conditions.
-
You maintained a tax home beginning on the first day of the year in one foreign country.
-
You changed your tax home during the year to a second foreign country.
-
You continued to maintain your tax home in the second foreign country for the rest of the year.
-
You had a closer connection to each foreign country than to the United States for the period during which you maintained a
tax home in that
foreign country.
-
You are subject to tax as a resident under the tax laws of either foreign country for the entire year or subject to tax as
a resident in
both foreign countries for the period during which you maintained a tax home in each foreign country.
Tax home.
Your tax home is the general area of your main place of business, employment, or post of duty, regardless of where
you maintain your family home.
Your tax home is the place where you permanently or indefinitely work as an employee or a self-employed individual. If you
do not have a regular or
main place of business because of the nature of your work, then your tax home is the place where you regularly live. If you
do not fit either of these
categories, you are considered an itinerant and your tax home is wherever you work.
For determining whether you have a closer connection to a foreign country, your tax home must also be in existence
for the entire current year, and
must be located in the same foreign country to which you are claiming to have a closer connection.
Foreign country.
In determining whether you have a closer connection to a foreign country, the term “ foreign country” means:
-
Any territory under the sovereignty of the United Nations or a government other than that of the United States,
-
The territorial waters of the foreign country (determined under U.S. law),
-
The seabed and subsoil of those submarine areas which are adjacent to the territorial waters of the foreign country and over
which the
foreign country has exclusive rights under international law to explore and exploit natural resources, and
-
Possessions and territories of the United States.
Establishing a closer connection.
You will be considered to have a closer connection to a foreign country than the United States if you or the IRS establishes
that you have
maintained more significant contacts with the foreign country than with the United States. In determining whether you have
maintained more significant
contacts with the foreign country than with the United States, the facts and circumstances to be considered include, but are
not limited to, the
following.
-
The country of residence you designate on forms and documents.
-
The types of official forms and documents you file, such as Form W-9, Form W-8BEN, or Form W-8ECI.
-
The location of:
-
Your permanent home,
-
Your family,
-
Your personal belongings, such as cars, furniture, clothing, and jewelry,
-
Your current social, political, cultural, professional, or religious affiliations,
-
Your business activities (other than those that constitute your tax home),
-
The jurisdiction in which you hold a driver's license,
-
The jurisdiction in which you vote, and
-
Charitable organizations to which you contribute.
It does not matter whether your permanent home is a house, an apartment, or a furnished room. It also does not matter whether
you rent or own
it. It is important, however, that your home be available at all times, continuously, and not solely for short stays.
You cannot claim you have a closer connection to a foreign country if either of the following applies:
-
You personally applied, or took other steps during the year, to change your status to that of a permanent resident, or
-
You had an application pending for adjustment of status during the current year.
Steps to change your status to that of a permanent resident include, but are not limited to, the filing of the following forms.
| Form I-508, Waiver of Rights, Privileges, Exemptions and Immunities |
| Form I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status |
| Form I-130, Petition for Alien Relative, on your behalf |
| Form I-140, Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker, on your behalf |
| Form ETA-750, Application for Alien Employment Certification, on your behalf |
| Form DS-230, Application for Immigrant Visa and Alien Registration |
Form 8840.
You must attach a fully completed Form 8840 to your income tax return to claim you have a closer connection to a foreign
country or countries.
If you do not have to file a return, send the form to the Department of the Treasury, Internal Revenue Service Center,
Austin TX 73301-0215, by the
due date for filing Form 1040NR or Form 1040NR-EZ. The due date for filing is discussed later in chapter 7.
If you do not timely file Form 8840, you cannot claim a closer connection to a foreign country or countries. This
does not apply if you can show by
clear and convincing evidence that you took reasonable actions to become aware of the filing requirements and significant
steps to comply with those
requirements.
The rules given here to determine if you are a U.S. resident do not override tax treaty definitions of residency. If you are
a dual-resident
taxpayer, you can still claim the benefits under an income tax treaty. A dual-resident taxpayer is one who is a resident of
both the United States and
another country under each country's tax laws. The income tax treaty between the two countries must contain a provision that
provides for resolution
of conflicting claims of residence (tie-breaker rule). If you are treated as a resident of a foreign country under a tax treaty,
you are treated as a
nonresident alien in figuring your U.S. income tax. For purposes other than figuring your tax, you will be treated as a U.S.
resident. For example,
the rules discussed here do not affect your residency time periods as discussed later under Dual-Status Aliens.
Information to be reported.
If you are a dual-resident taxpayer and you claim treaty benefits, you must file a return by the due date (including
extensions) using Form 1040NR
or Form 1040NR-EZ, and compute your tax as a nonresident alien. You must also attach a fully completed Form 8833 if you determine
your residency under
a tax treaty and receive payments or income items totaling more than $100,000. See Reporting Treaty Benefits Claimed in chapter 9 for more
information on reporting treaty benefits.
You can be both a nonresident alien and a resident alien during the same tax year. This usually occurs in the year you arrive
in or depart from the
United States. Aliens who have dual status should see chapter 6 for information on filing a return for a dual-status tax year.
If you are a U.S. resident for the calendar year, but you were not a U.S. resident at any time during the preceding calendar
year, you are a U.S.
resident only for the part of the calendar year that begins on the residency starting date. You are a nonresident alien for
the part of the year
before that date.
Residency starting date under substantial presence test.
If you meet the substantial presence test for a calendar year, your residency starting date is generally the first
day you are present in the
United States during that calendar year. However, you do not have to count up to 10 days of actual presence in the United
States if on those days you
establish that:
-
You had a closer connection to a foreign country than to the United States, and
-
Your tax home was in that foreign country.
See Closer Connection to a Foreign Country, earlier.
In determining whether you can exclude up to 10 days, the following rules apply.
-
You can exclude days from more than one period of presence as long as the total days in all periods are not more than 10.
-
You cannot exclude any days in a period of consecutive days of presence if all the days in that period cannot be excluded.
-
Although you can exclude up to 10 days of presence in determining your residency starting date, you must include those days
when determining
whether you meet the substantial presence test.
Example.
Ivan Ivanovich is a citizen of Russia. He came to the United States for the first time on January 6, 2007, to attend a business
meeting and
returned to Russia on January 10, 2007. His tax home remained in Russia. On March 1, 2007, he moved to the United States and
resided here for the rest
of the year. Ivan is able to establish a closer connection to Russia for the period January 6-10. Thus, his residency starting
date is March 1.
Statement required to exclude up to 10 days of presence.
You must file a statement with the IRS if you are excluding up to 10 days of presence in the United States for purposes
of your residency starting
date. You must sign and date this statement and include a declaration that it is made under penalties of perjury. The statement
must contain the
following information (as applicable).
-
Your name, address, U.S. taxpayer identification number (if any), and U.S. visa number (if any).
-
Your passport number and the name of the country that issued your passport.
-
The tax year for which the statement applies.
-
The first day that you were present in the United States during the year.
-
The dates of the days you are excluding in figuring your first day of residency.
-
Sufficient facts to establish that you have maintained your tax home in and a closer connection to a foreign country during
the period you
are excluding.
Attach the required statement to your income tax return. If you are not required to file a return, send the statement
to the Department of the
Treasury, Internal Revenue Service Center, Austin, TX 73301-0215, on or before the due date for filing Form 1040NR or Form
1040NR-EZ. The due date for
filing is discussed in chapter 7.
If you do not file the required statement as explained above, you cannot claim that you have a closer connection to
a foreign country or countries.
Therefore, your first day of residency will be the first day you are present in the United States. This does not apply if
you can show by clear and
convincing evidence that you took reasonable actions to become aware of the requirements for filing the statement and significant
steps to comply with
those requirements.
Residency starting date under green card test.
If you meet the green card test at any time during a calendar year, but do not meet the substantial presence test
for that year, your residency
starting date is the first day in the calendar year on which you are present in the United States as a lawful permanent resident.
If you meet both the substantial presence test and the green card test, your residency starting date is the earlier
of the first day during the
year you are present in the United States under the substantial presence test or as a lawful permanent resident.
Residency during the preceding year.
If you were a U.S. resident during any part of the preceding calendar year and you are a U.S. resident for any part
of the current year, you will
be considered a U.S. resident at the beginning of the current year. This applies whether you are a resident under the substantial
presence test or
green card test.
Example.
Robert Bach is a citizen of Switzerland. He came to the United States as a U.S. resident for the first time on May 1, 2006,
and remained until
November 5, 2006, when he returned to Switzerland. Robert came back to the United States on March 5, 2007, as a lawful permanent
resident and still
resides here. In calendar year 2007, Robert's U.S. residency is deemed to begin on January 1, 2007, because he qualified as
a resident in calendar
year 2006.
If you do not meet either the green card test or the substantial presence test for 2006 or 2007 and you did not choose to
be treated as a resident
for part of 2006, but you meet the substantial presence test for 2008, you can choose to be treated as a U.S. resident for
part of 2007. To make this
choice, you must:
-
Be present in the United States for at least 31 days in a row in 2007, and
-
Be present in the United States for at least 75% of the number of days beginning with the first day of the 31-day period and
ending with the
last day of 2007. For purposes of this 75% requirement, you can treat up to 5 days of absence from the United States as days
of presence in the United
States.
When counting the days of presence in (1) and (2) above, do not count the days you were in the United States under any of
the exceptions discussed
earlier under Days of Presence in the United States.
If you make the first-year choice, your residency starting date for 2007 is the first day of the earliest 31-day period (described
in (1) above)
that you use to qualify for the choice. You are treated as a U.S. resident for the rest of the year. If you are present for
more than one 31-day
period and you satisfy condition (2) above for each of those periods, your residency starting date is the first day of the
first 31-day period. If you
are present for more than one 31-day period but you satisfy condition (2) above only for a later 31-day period, your residency
starting date is the
first day of the later 31-day period.
Note.
You do not have to be married to make this choice.
Example 1.
Juan DaSilva is a citizen of the Philippines. He came to the United States for the first time on November 1, 2007, and was
here on 31 consecutive
days (from November 1 through December 1, 2007). Juan returned to the Philippines on December 1 and came back to the United
States on December 17,
2007. He stayed in the United States for the rest of the year. During 2008, Juan was a resident of the United States under
the substantial presence
test. Juan can make the first-year choice for 2007 because he was in the United States in 2007 for a period of 31 days in
a row (November 1 through
December 1) and for at least 75% of the days following (and including) the first day of his 31-day period (46 total days of
presence in the United
States divided by 61 days in the period from November 1 through December 31 equals 75.4%). If Juan makes the first-year choice,
his residency starting
date will be November 1, 2007.
Example 2.
The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that Juan was also absent from the United States on December 24, 25, 29, 30, and 31. He
can make the first-year choice for 2007 because up to 5 days of absence are considered days of presence for purposes of the
75% requirement.
Statement required to make the first-year choice.
You must attach a statement to Form 1040 to make the first-year choice. The statement must contain your name and address
and specify the following.
-
That you are making the first-year choice.
-
That you were not a resident in 2006.
-
That you are a resident under the substantial presence test in 2008.
-
The number of days of presence in the United States during 2008.
-
The date or dates of your 31-day period of presence and the period of continuous presence in the United States during 2007.
-
The date or dates of absence from the United States during 2007 that you are treating as days of presence.
You cannot file Form 1040 or the statement until you meet the substantial presence test for 2008. If you have not met the
test for 2008 as of
April 15, 2008, you can request an extension of time for filing your 2007 Form 1040 until a reasonable period after you have
met that test. To request
an extension to file until October 15, 2008, use Form 4868, Application for Automatic Extension of Time To File U.S. Individual
Income Tax Return. You
can file the paper form or use one of the electronic filing options explained in the Form 4868 instructions. You should pay
with this extension the
amount of tax you expect to owe for 2007 figured as if you were a nonresident alien the entire year. You can use Form 1040NR
or Form 1040NR-EZ to
figure the tax. Enter the tax on Form 4868. If you do not pay the tax due, you will be charged interest on any tax not paid
by the regular due date of
your return, and you may be charged a penalty on the late payment.
Once you make the first-year choice, you may not revoke it without the approval of the Internal Revenue Service.
If you do not follow the procedures discussed here for making the first-year choice, you will be treated as a nonresident
alien for all of 2007.
However, this does not apply if you can show by clear and convincing evidence that you took reasonable actions to become aware
of the filing
procedures and significant steps to comply with the procedures.
Choosing Resident Alien Status
If you are a dual-status alien, you can choose to be treated as a U.S. resident for the entire year if all of the following
apply.
-
You were a nonresident alien at the beginning of the year.
-
You are a resident alien or U.S. citizen at the end of the year.
-
You are married to a U.S. citizen or resident alien at the end of the year.
-
Your spouse joins you in making the choice.
This includes situations in which both you and your spouse were nonresident aliens at the beginning of the tax year and both
of you are
resident aliens at the end of the tax year.
Note.
If you are single at the end of the year, you cannot make this choice.
If you make this choice, the following rules apply.
-
You and your spouse are treated as U.S. residents for the entire year for income tax purposes.
-
You and your spouse are taxed on worldwide income.
-
You and your spouse must file a joint return for the year of the choice.
-
Neither you nor your spouse can make this choice for any later tax year, even if you are separated, divorced, or remarried.
-
The special instructions and restrictions for dual-status taxpayers in chapter 6 do not apply to you.
Note.
A similar choice is available if, at the end of the tax year, one spouse is a nonresident alien and the other spouse is a
U.S. citizen or resident.
See Nonresident Spouse Treated as a Resident, later. If you previously made that choice and it is still in effect, you do not need to make
the choice explained here.
Making the choice.
You should attach a statement signed by both spouses to your joint return for the year of the choice. The statement
must contain the following
information.
-
A declaration that you both qualify to make the choice and that you choose to be treated as U.S. residents for the entire
tax
year.
-
The name, address, and taxpayer identification number (SSN or ITIN) of each spouse. (If one spouse died, include the name
and address of the
person who makes the choice for the deceased spouse.)
You generally make this choice when you file your joint return. However, you also can make the choice by filing Form
1040X, Amended U.S. Individual
Income Tax Return. Attach Form 1040, Form 1040A, or Form 1040EZ and print “ Amended” across the top of the corrected return. If you make the
choice with an amended return, you and your spouse must also amend any returns that you may have filed after the year for
which you made the choice.
You generally must file the amended joint return within 3 years from the date you filed your original U.S. income
tax return or 2 years from the
date you paid your income tax for that year, whichever is later.
If you were a U.S. resident in 2007 but are not a U.S. resident during any part of 2008, you cease to be a U.S. resident on
your residency
termination date. Your residency termination date is December 31, 2007, unless you qualify for an earlier date as discussed
next.
Earlier residency termination date.
You may qualify for a residency termination date that is earlier than December 31. This date is:
-
The last day in 2007 that you are physically present in the United States, if you met the substantial presence test,
-
The first day in 2007 that you are no longer a lawful permanent resident of the United States, if you met the green card test,
or
-
The later of (1) or (2), if you met both tests.
You can use this date only if, for the remainder of 2007, your tax home was in a foreign country and you had a closer connection
to that
foreign country. See Closer Connection to a Foreign Country, earlier.
A long-term resident who ceases to be a lawful permanent resident may be subject to special reporting requirements and tax
provisions. See
Expatriation Tax in chapter 4.
Termination of residency after June 3, 2004.
If you terminate your residency after June 3, 2004, you will still be considered a U.S. resident for tax purposes
until you notify the Secretary of
Homeland Security and file Form 8854, Initial and Annual Expatriation Information Statement.
De minimis presence.
If you are a U.S. resident because of the substantial presence test and you qualify to use the earlier residency termination
date, you can exclude
up to 10 days of actual presence in the United States in determining your residency termination date. In determining whether
you can exclude up to 10
days, the following rules apply.
-
You can exclude days from more than one period of presence as long as the total days in all periods are not more than 10.
-
You cannot exclude any days in a period of consecutive days of presence if all the days in that period cannot be excluded.
-
Although you can exclude up to 10 days of presence in determining your residency termination date, you must include those
days when
determining whether you meet the substantial presence test.
Example.
Lola Bovary is a citizen of Malta. She came to the United States for the first time on March 1, 2007, and resided here until
August 25, 2007. On
December 12, 2007, Lola came to the United States for vacation and stayed here until December 16, 2007, when she returned
to Malta. She is able to
establish a closer connection to Malta for the period December 12-16. Lola is not a U.S. resident for tax purposes during
2007 and can establish
a closer connection to Malta for the rest of calendar year 2007. Lola is a U.S. resident under the substantial presence test
for 2007 because she was
present in the United States for 183 days (178 days for the period March 1 to August 25 plus 5 days in December). Lola's residency
termination date is
August 25, 2007.
Residency during the next year.
If you are a U.S. resident during any part of 2008 and you are a resident during any part of 2007, you will be taxed
as a resident through the end
of 2007. This applies whether you have a closer connection to a foreign country than the United States during 2007, and whether
you are a resident
under the substantial presence test or green card test.
Statement required to establish your residency termination date.
You must file a statement with the IRS to establish your residency termination date. You must sign and date this statement
and include a
declaration that it is made under penalties of perjury. The statement must contain the following information (as applicable).
-
Your name, address, U.S. taxpayer identification number (if any), and U.S. visa number (if any).
-
Your passport number and the name of the country that issued your passport.
-
The tax year for which the statement applies.
-
The last day that you were present in the United States during the year.
-
Sufficient facts to establish that you have maintained your tax home in and that you have a closer connection to a foreign
country following
your last day of presence in the United States during the year or following the abandonment or rescission of your status as
a lawful permanent
resident during the year.
-
The date that your status as a lawful permanent resident was abandoned or rescinded.
-
Sufficient facts (including copies of relevant documents) to establish that your status as a lawful permanent resident has
been abandoned or
rescinded.
-
If you can exclude days under the de minimis presence rule, discussed earlier, include the dates of the days you are excluding
and
sufficient facts to establish that you have maintained your tax home in and that you have a closer connection to a foreign
country during the period
you are excluding.
Attach the required statement to your income tax return. If you are not required to file a return, send the statement
to the Department of the
Treasury, Internal Revenue Service Center, Austin, TX 73301-0215, on or before the due date for filing Form 1040NR or Form
1040NR-EZ. The due date for
filing is discussed in chapter 7.
If you do not file the required statement as explained above, you cannot claim that you have a closer connection to
a foreign country or countries.
This does not apply if you can show by clear and convincing evidence that you took reasonable actions to become aware of the
requirements for filing
the statement and significant steps to comply with those requirements.
Nonresident Spouse Treated as a Resident
If, at the end of your tax year, you are married and one spouse is a U.S. citizen or a resident alien and the other spouse
is a nonresident alien,
you can choose to treat the nonresident spouse as a U.S. resident. This includes situations in which one spouse is a nonresident
alien at the
beginning of the tax year, but a resident alien at the end of the year, and the other spouse is a nonresident alien at the
end of the year.
If you make this choice, you and your spouse are treated for income tax purposes as residents for your entire tax year. Neither
you nor your spouse
can claim under any tax treaty not to be a U.S. resident. You are both taxed on worldwide income. You must file a joint income
tax return for the year
you make the choice, but you and your spouse can file joint or separate returns in later years.
If you file a joint return under this provision, the special instructions and restrictions for dual-status taxpayers in chapter
6 do not apply to
you.
Example.
Bob and Sharon Williams are married and both are nonresident aliens at the beginning of the year. In June, Bob became a resident
alien and remained
a resident for the rest of the year. Bob and Sharon both choose to be treated as resident aliens by attaching a statement
to their joint return. Bob
and Sharon must file a joint return for the year they make the choice, but they can file either joint or separate returns
for later years.
Attach a statement, signed by both spouses, to your joint return for the first tax year for which the choice applies. It should
contain the
following information.
-
A declaration that one spouse was a nonresident alien and the other spouse a U.S. citizen or resident alien on the last day
of your tax
year, and that you choose to be treated as U.S. residents for the entire tax year.
-
The name, address, and identification number of each spouse. (If one spouse died, include the name and address of the person
making the
choice for the deceased spouse.)
Amended return.
You generally make this choice when you file your joint return. However, you can also make the choice by filing a
joint amended return on Form
1040X. Attach Form 1040, Form 1040A, or Form 1040EZ and print “ Amended” across the top of the corrected return. If you make the choice with an
amended return, you and your spouse must also amend any returns that you may have filed after the year for which you made
the choice.
You generally must file the amended joint return within 3 years from the date you filed your original U.S. income
tax return or 2 years from the
date you paid your income tax for that year, whichever is later.
The choice to be treated as a resident alien is suspended for any tax year (after the tax year you made the choice) if neither
spouse is a U.S.
citizen or resident alien at any time during the tax year. This means each spouse must file a separate return as a nonresident
alien for that year if
either meets the filing requirements for nonresident aliens discussed in chapter 7.
Example.
Dick Brown was a resident alien on December 31, 2004, and married to Judy, a nonresident alien. They chose to treat Judy as
a resident alien and
filed joint 2004 and 2005 income tax returns. On January 10, 2006, Dick became a nonresident alien. Judy had remained a nonresident
alien throughout
the period. Dick and Judy could have filed joint or separate returns for 2006 because Dick was a resident alien for part of
that year. However,
because neither Dick nor Judy is a resident alien at any time during 2007, their choice is suspended for that year. If either
meets the filing
requirements for nonresident aliens discussed in chapter 7, they must file separate returns as nonresident aliens for 2007.
If Dick becomes a resident
alien again in 2008, their choice is no longer suspended.
Once made, the choice to be treated as a resident applies to all later years unless suspended (as explained earlier under
Suspending the
Choice) or ended in one of the following ways.
If the choice is ended in one of the following ways, neither spouse can make this choice in any later tax year.
-
Revocation. Either spouse can revoke the choice for any tax year, provided he or she makes the revocation by the due date for
filing the tax return for that tax year. The spouse who revokes the choice must attach a signed statement declaring that the
choice is being revoked.
The statement must include the name, address, and identification number of each spouse. (If one spouse dies, include the name
and address of the
person who is revoking the choice for the deceased spouse.) The statement also must include a list of any states, foreign
countries, and possessions
that have community property laws in which either spouse is domiciled or where real property is located from which either
spouse receives income. File
the statement as follows.
-
If the spouse revoking the choice must file a return, attach the statement to the return for the first year the revocation
applies.
-
If the spouse revoking the choice does not have to file a return, but does file a return (for example, to obtain a refund),
attach the
statement to the return.
-
If the spouse revoking the choice does not have to file a return and does not file a claim for refund, send the statement
to the Internal
Revenue Service Center where you filed the last joint return.
-
Death. The death of either spouse ends the choice, beginning with the first tax year following the year the spouse died. However,
if the surviving spouse is a U.S. citizen or resident and is entitled to the joint tax rates as a surviving spouse, the choice
will not end until the
close of the last year for which these joint rates may be used. If both spouses die in the same tax year, the choice ends
on the first day after the
close of the tax year in which the spouses died.
-
Legal separation. A legal separation under a decree of divorce or separate maintenance ends the choice as of the beginning of the
tax year in which the legal separation occurs.
-
Inadequate records. The Internal Revenue Service can end the choice for any tax year that either spouse has failed to keep
adequate books, records, and other information necessary to determine the correct income tax liability, or to provide adequate
access to those
records.
If you are a nonresident alien from American Samoa or Puerto Rico, you may be treated as a resident alien.
If you are a nonresident alien in the United States and a bona fide resident of American Samoa or Puerto Rico during the entire
tax year, you are
taxed, with certain exceptions, according to the rules for resident aliens of the United States. For more information, see
chapter 5.
If you are a nonresident alien from American Samoa or Puerto Rico who does not qualify as a bona fide resident of American
Samoa or Puerto Rico for
the entire tax year, you are taxed as a nonresident alien.
Resident aliens who formerly were bona fide residents of American Samoa or Puerto Rico are taxed according to the rules for
resident aliens.
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