Publication 519: U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens; Nonresident Alien or Resident Alien?

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Table of Contents

Introduction

You should first determine whether, for income tax purposes, you are a nonresident alien or a resident alien. Figure 1–A will help you make this determination.

If you are both a nonresident and resident in the same year, you have a dual status. Dual status is explained later. Also explained later are a choice to treat your nonresident spouse as a resident and some other special situations.

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If you are an alien (not a U.S. citizen), you are considered a nonresident alien unless you meet one of the two tests described next, under Resident Aliens.

You are a resident alien of the United States for tax purposes if you meet either the green card test or the substantial presence test for the calendar year (January 1–December 31). Even if you do not meet either of these tests, you may be able to choose to be treated as a U.S. resident for part of the year. See First-Year Choice under Dual-Status Aliens, later.

You are a resident for tax purposes if you are a lawful permanent resident of the United States at any time during the calendar year. (However, see Dual-Status Aliens, later.) This is known as the “green card” test. You are a lawful permanent resident of the United States at any time if you have been given the privilege, according to the immigration laws, of residing permanently in the United States as an immigrant. You generally have this status if the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) has issued you an alien registration card, also known as a “green card.” You continue to have resident status under this test unless the status is taken away from you or is administratively or judicially determined to have been abandoned.

Resident status taken away.

Resident status is considered to have been taken away from you if the U.S. government issues you a final administrative or judicial order of exclusion or deportation. A final judicial order is an order that you may no longer appeal to a higher court of competent jurisdiction.

Resident status abandoned.

An administrative or judicial determination of abandonment of resident status may be initiated by you, the INS, or a U.S. consular officer.

If you initiate the determination, your resident status is considered to be abandoned when you file either of the following with the INS or U.S. consular officer.

Your application for abandonment.
Your Alien Registration Receipt Card attached to a letter stating your intent to abandon your resident status.

You must file the letter by certified mail, return receipt requested. You must keep a copy of the letter and proof that it was mailed and received.

If the INS or U.S. consular officer initiates this determination, your resident status will be considered to be abandoned when the final administrative order of abandonment is issued. If you are granted an appeal to a federal court of competent jurisdiction, a final judicial order is required.

A long-term resident who ceases to be a lawful permanent resident may be subject to special reporting requirements and tax provisions. See Expatriation Tax in chapter 4.

You will be considered a U.S. resident for tax purposes if you meet the substantial presence test for the calendar year. To meet this test, you must be physically present in the United States on at least:

Example.

You were physically present in the United States on 120 days in each of the years 2000, 2001, and 2002. To determine if you meet the substantial presence test for 2002, count the full 120 days of presence in 2002, 40 days in 2001 (⅓ of 120), and 20 days in 2000 (⅙ of 120). Since the total for the 3-year period is 180 days, you are not considered a resident under the substantial presence test for 2002.

You are treated as present in the United States on any day you are physically present in the country at any time during the day. However, there are exceptions to this rule. Do not count the following as days of presence in the United States for the substantial presence test.

Regular commuters from Canada or Mexico.

Do not count the days on which you commute to work in the United States from your residence in Canada or Mexico if you regularly commute from Canada or Mexico. You are considered to commute regularly if you commute to work in the United States on more than 75% of the workdays during your working period.

For this purpose, “commute” means to travel to work and return to your residence within a 24-hour period. “Workdays” are the days on which you work in the United States or Canada or Mexico. “Working period” means the period beginning with the first day in the current year on which you are physically present in the United States to work and ending on the last day in the current year on which you are physically present in the United States to work. If your work requires you to be present in the United States only on a seasonal or cyclical basis, your working period begins on the first day of the season or cycle on which you are present in the United States to work and ends on the last day of the season or cycle on which you are present in the United States to work. You can have more than one working period in a calendar year, and your working period can begin in one calendar year and end in the following calendar year.

Example.

Maria Perez lives in Mexico and works for Compañía ABC in its office in Mexico. She was assigned to her firm's office in the United States from February 1 through June 1. On June 2, she resumed her employment in Mexico. On 69 days, Maria commuted each morning from her home in Mexico to work in Compañía ABC's U.S. office. She returned to her home in Mexico on each of those evenings. On 7 days, she worked in her firm's Mexico office. For purposes of the substantial presence test, Maria does not count the days she commuted to work in the United States because those days equal more than 75% of the workdays during the working period (69 workdays in the United States divided by 76 workdays in the working period equals 90.8%).

Days in transit.

Do not count the days you are in the United States for less than 24 hours and you are in transit between two places outside the United States. You are considered to be in transit if you engage in activities that are substantially related to completing travel to your foreign destination. For example, if you travel between airports in the United States to change planes en route to your foreign destination, you are considered to be in transit. However, you are not considered to be in transit if you attend a business meeting while in the United States. This is true even if the meeting is held at the airport.

Crew members.

Do not count the days you are temporarily present in the United States as a regular crew member of a foreign vessel engaged in transportation between the United States and a foreign country or a U.S. possession. However, this exception does not apply if you otherwise engage in any trade or business in the United States on those days.

Medical condition.

Do not count the days you intended to leave, but could not leave the United States because of a medical condition or problem that developed while you were in the United States. Whether you intended to leave the United States on a particular day is determined based on all the facts and circumstances. For example, you may be able to establish that you intended to leave if your purpose for visiting the United States could be accomplished during a period that is not long enough to qualify you for the substantial presence test. However, if you need an extended period of time to accomplish the purpose of your visit and that period would qualify you for the substantial presence test, you would not be able to establish an intent to leave the United States before the end of that extended period.

In the case of an individual who is judged mentally incompetent, proof of intent to leave the United States can be determined by analyzing the individual's pattern of behavior before he or she was judged mentally incompetent.

If you qualify to exclude days of presence because of a medical condition, you must file a fully completed Form 8843 with the IRS. See Form 8843, later.

You cannot exclude any days of presence in the United States under the following circumstances.

You were initially prevented from leaving, were then able to leave, but remained in the United States beyond a reasonable period for making arrangements to leave.
You returned to the United States for treatment of a medical condition that developed during a prior stay.
The condition existed before your arrival in the United States and you were aware of the condition. It does not matter whether you needed treatment for the condition when you entered the United States.

Exempt individual.

Do not count days for which you are an exempt individual. The term “exempt individual” does not refer to someone exempt from U.S. tax, but to anyone in the following categories.

An individual temporarily present in the United States as a foreign government-related individual.
A teacher or trainee temporarily present in the United States under a “J” or “Q” visa, who substantially complies with the requirements of the visa.
A student temporarily present in the United States under an “F,” “J,” “M,” or “Q” visa, who substantially complies with the requirements of the visa.
A professional athlete temporarily in the United States to compete in a charitable sports event.

The specific rules for each of these four categories are discussed next.

Foreign government-related individuals.

A foreign government-related individual is an individual (or a member of the individual's immediate family) who is temporarily present in the United States:

As a full-time employee of an international organization,
By reason of diplomatic status, or
By reason of a visa (other than a visa that grants lawful permanent residence) that the Secretary of the Treasury determines represents full-time diplomatic or consular status.

An international organization is any public international organization that the President of the United States has designated by Executive Order as being entitled to the privileges, exemptions, and immunities provided for in the International Organizations Act. An individual is a full-time employee if his or her work schedule meets the organization's standard full-time work schedule.

An individual is considered to have full-time diplomatic or consular status if he or she:

Has been accredited by a foreign government that is recognized by the United States,
Intends to engage primarily in official activities for that foreign government while in the United States, and
Has been recognized by the President, Secretary of State, or a consular officer as being entitled to that status.

Members of the immediate family include the individual's spouse and unmarried children (whether by blood or adoption) but only if the spouse's or unmarried children's visa statuses are derived from and dependent on the exempt individual's visa classification. Unmarried children are included only if they:

Are under 21 years of age,
Reside regularly in the exempt individual's household, and
Are not members of another household.

The immediate family of an exempt individual does not include attendants, servants, or personal employees.

Teachers and trainees.

A teacher or trainee is an individual, other than a student, who is temporarily in the United States under a “J” or “Q” visa and substantially complies with the requirements of that visa. You are considered to have substantially complied with the visa requirements if you have not engaged in activities that are prohibited by U.S. immigration laws and could result in the loss of your visa status.

Also included are immediate family members of exempt teachers and trainees. See the definition of immediate family, earlier, under Foreign government-related individuals.

You will not be an exempt individual as a teacher or trainee if you were exempt as a teacher, trainee, or student for any part of 2 of the 6 preceding calendar years. However, you will be an exempt individual if you were exempt as a teacher, trainee, or student for any part of 3 (or fewer) of the 6 preceding calendar years and:

A foreign employer paid all of your compensation during the current year, and
A foreign employer paid all of your compensation during each of the preceding 6 years you were present in the United States as a teacher or trainee.

A foreign employer includes an office or place of business of an American entity in a foreign country or a U.S. possession.

If you qualify to exclude days of presence as a teacher or trainee, you must file a fully completed Form 8843 with the IRS. See Form 8843, later.

Example.

Carla was temporarily in the United States during the year as a teacher on a “J” visa. Her compensation for the year was paid by a foreign employer. Carla was treated as an exempt teacher for the past 2 years but her compensation was not paid by a foreign employer. She will not be considered an exempt individual for the current year because she was exempt as a teacher for at least 2 of the past 6 years.

If her compensation for the past 2 years had been paid by a foreign employer, she would be an exempt individual for the current year.

Students.

A student is any individual who is temporarily in the United States on an “F,” “J,” “M,” or “Q” visa and who substantially complies with the requirements of that visa. You are considered to have substantially complied with the visa requirements if you have not engaged in activities that are prohibited by U.S. immigration laws and could result in the loss of your visa status.

Also included are immediate family members of exempt students. See the definition of immediate family, earlier, under Foreign government-related individuals.

You will not be an exempt individual as a student if you have been exempt as a teacher, trainee, or student for any part of more than 5 calendar years unless you establish that you do not intend to reside permanently in the United States and you have substantially complied with the requirements of your visa. The facts and circumstances to be considered in determining if you have demonstrated an intent to reside permanently in the United States include, but are not limited to, the following.

Whether you have maintained a closer connection to a foreign country (discussed later).
Whether you have taken affirmative steps to change your status from nonimmigrant to lawful permanent resident as discussed later, under Closer Connection to a Foreign Country.

If you qualify to exclude days of presence as a student, you must file a fully completed Form 8843 with the IRS. See Form 8843, later.

Professional athletes.

A professional athlete who is temporarily in the United States to compete in a charitable sports event is an exempt individual. A charitable sports event is one that meets the following conditions.

The main purpose is to benefit a qualified charitable organization.
The entire net proceeds go to charity.
Volunteers perform substantially all the work.

In figuring the days of presence in the United States, you can exclude only the days on which you actually competed in a sports event. You cannot exclude the days on which you were in the United States to practice for the event, to perform promotional or other activities related to the event, or to travel between events.

If you qualify to exclude days of presence as a professional athlete, you must file a fully completed Form 8843 with the IRS. See Form 8843, next.

Form 8843.

If you exclude days of presence in the United States because you fall into any of the following categories, you must file a fully completed Form 8843.

You were unable to leave the United States as planned because of a medical condition.
You were temporarily in the United States as a teacher or trainee on a “J” or “Q” visa.
You were temporarily in the United States as a student on an “F,” “J,” “M,” or “Q” visa.
You were a professional athlete competing in a charitable sports event.

Attach Form 8843 to your 2002 income tax return. If you do not have to file a return, send Form 8843 to the Internal Revenue Service Center, Philadelphia, PA 19255, by the due date for filing Form 1040NR or Form 1040NR-EZ. The due date for filing is discussed in chapter 7.

If you do not timely file Form 8843, you cannot exclude the days you were present in the United States as a professional athlete or because of a medical condition that arose while you were in the United States. This does not apply if you can show by clear and convincing evidence that you took reasonable actions to become aware of the filing requirements and significant steps to comply with those requirements.

Even if you meet the substantial presence test, you can be treated as a nonresident alien if you:

Closer connection to two foreign countries.

You can demonstrate that you have a closer connection to two foreign countries (but not more than two) if you meet all of the following conditions.

You maintained a tax home beginning on the first day of the year in one foreign country.
You changed your tax home during the year to a second foreign country.
You continued to maintain your tax home in the second foreign country for the rest of the year.
You had a closer connection to each foreign country than to the United States for the period during which you maintained a tax home in that foreign country.
You are subject to tax as a resident under the tax laws of either foreign country for the entire year or subject to tax as a resident in both foreign countries for the period during which you maintained a tax home in each foreign country.

Tax home.

Your tax home is the general area of your main place of business, employment, or post of duty, regardless of where you maintain your family home. Your tax home is the place where you permanently or indefinitely work as an employee or a self-employed individual. If you do not have a regular or main place of business because of the nature of your work, then your tax home is the place where you regularly live. If you do not fit either of these categories, you are considered an itinerant and your tax home is wherever you work.

For determining whether you have a closer connection to a foreign country, your tax home must also be in existence for the entire current year, and must be located in the same foreign country to which you are claiming to have a closer connection.

Foreign country.

In determining whether you have a closer connection to a foreign country, the term “foreign country” means:

Any territory under the sovereignty of the United Nations or a government other than that of the United States,
The territorial waters of the foreign country (determined under U.S. law),
The seabed and subsoil of those submarine areas which are adjacent to the territorial waters of the foreign country and over which the foreign country has exclusive rights under international law to explore and exploit natural resources, and
Possessions and territories of the United States.

Establishing a closer connection.

You will be considered to have a closer connection to a foreign country than the United States if you or the IRS establishes that you have maintained more significant contacts with the foreign country than with the United States. In determining whether you have maintained more significant contacts with the foreign country than with the United States, the facts and circumstances to be considered include, but are not limited to, the following.

The country of residence you designate on forms and documents.
The types of official forms and documents you file, such as Form W–9, Form W–8BEN, or Form W–8ECI.
The location of:
1. Your permanent home,
2. Your family,
3. Your personal belongings, such as cars, furniture, clothing, and jewelry,
4. Your current social, political, cultural, or religious affiliations,
5. Your business activities (other than those that constitute your tax home),
6. The jurisdiction in which you hold a driver's license, and
7. The jurisdiction in which you vote.

It does not matter whether your permanent home is a house, an apartment, or a furnished room. It also does not matter whether you rent or own it. It is important, however, that your home be available at all times, continuously, and not solely for short stays.

You cannot claim you have a closer connection to a foreign country if either of the following applies:

You personally applied, or took other steps during the year, to change your status to that of a permanent resident, or
You had an application pending for adjustment of status during the current year.

Steps to change your status to that of a permanent resident include, but are not limited to, the filing of the following forms.

Form I–508, Waiver of Rights, Privileges, Exemptions and Immunities

Form I–485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status

Form I–130, Petition for Alien Relative, on your behalf

Form I–140, Immigrant Petition for Alien Worker, on your behalf

Form ETA–750, Application for Alien Employment Certification, on your behalf

Form DS–230, Application for Immigrant Visa and Alien Registration

Form 8840.

You must attach a fully completed Form 8840 to your income tax return to claim you have a closer connection to a foreign country or countries.

If you do not have to file a return, send the form to the Internal Revenue Service Center, Philadelphia, PA 19255, by the due date for filing Form 1040NR or Form 1040NR-EZ. The due date for filing is discussed later in chapter 7.

If you do not timely file Form 8840, you cannot claim a closer connection to a foreign country or countries. This does not apply if you can show by clear and convincing evidence that you took reasonable actions to become aware of the filing requirements and significant steps to comply with those requirements.

The rules given here to determine if you are a U.S. resident do not override tax treaty definitions of residency. If your residency is determined under a treaty and not under the rules discussed here, you must file a fully completed Form 8833 if the payments or income items reportable because of that determination are more than $100,000. If you are a dual-resident taxpayer, you can still claim the benefits under an income tax treaty. A dual-resident taxpayer is one who is a resident of both the United States and another country under each country's tax laws. The income tax treaty between the two countries must contain a provision that provides for resolution of conflicting claims of residence. If you are treated as a resident of a foreign country under a tax treaty, you are treated as a nonresident alien in figuring your U.S. income tax. For purposes other than figuring your tax, you will be treated as a U.S. resident. For example, the rules discussed here do not affect your residency time periods as discussed later, under Dual-Status Aliens.

Information to be reported.

If you are a dual-resident taxpayer and you claim treaty benefits, you must file a return by the due date (including extensions) using Form 1040NR or Form 1040NR–EZ, and compute your tax as a nonresident alien. You must also attach a fully completed Form 8833. See Reporting Treaty Benefits Claimed in chapter 9 for more information on reporting treaty benefits.

You can be both a nonresident alien and a resident alien during the same tax year. This usually occurs in the year you arrive in or depart from the United States. Aliens who have dual status should see chapter 6 for information on filing a return for a dual-status tax year.

If you are a U.S. resident for the calendar year, but you were not a U.S. resident at any time during the preceding calendar year, you are a U.S. resident only for the part of the calendar year that begins on the residency starting date. You are a nonresident alien for the part of the year before that date.

Residency starting date under substantial presence test.

If you meet the substantial presence test for a calendar year, your residency starting date is generally the first day you are present in the United States during that calendar year. However, you do not have to count up to 10 days of actual presence in the United States if on those days you establish that:

You had a closer connection to a foreign country than to the United States, and
Your tax home was in that foreign country.

See Closer Connection to a Foreign Country, earlier.

In determining whether you can exclude up to 10 days, the following rules apply.

You can exclude days from more than one period of presence as long as the total days in all periods are not more than 10.
You cannot exclude any days in a period of consecutive days of presence if all the days in that period cannot be excluded.
Although you can exclude up to 10 days of presence in determining your residency starting date, you must include those days when determining whether you meet the substantial presence test.

Example.

Ivan Ivanovich is a citizen of Russia. He came to the United States for the first time on January 6, 2002, to attend a business meeting and returned to Russia on January 10, 2002. His tax home remained in Russia. On March 1, 2002, he moved to the United States and resided here for the rest of the year. Ivan is able to establish a closer connection to Russia for the period January 6–10. Thus, his residency starting date is March 1.

Statement required to exclude up to 10 days of presence.

You must file a statement with the IRS if you are excluding up to 10 days of presence in the United States for purposes of your residency starting date. You must sign and date this statement and include a declaration that it is made under penalties of perjury. The statement must contain the following information (as applicable).

Your name, address, U.S. taxpayer identification number (if any), and U.S. visa number (if any).
Your passport number and the name of the country that issued your passport.
The tax year for which the statement applies.
The first day that you were present in the United States during the year.
The dates of the days you are excluding in figuring your first day of residency.
Sufficient facts to establish that you have maintained your tax home in and a closer connection to a foreign country during the period you are excluding.

Attach the required statement to your income tax return. If you are not required to file a return, send the statement to the Internal Revenue Service Center, Philadelphia, PA 19255, on or before the due date for filing Form 1040NR or Form 1040NR-EZ. The due date for filing is discussed in chapter 7.

If you do not file the required statement as explained above, you cannot claim that you have a closer connection to a foreign country or countries. Therefore, your first day of residency will be the first day you are present in the United States. This does not apply if you can show by clear and convincing evidence that you took reasonable actions to become aware of the requirements for filing the statement and significant steps to comply with those requirements.

Residency starting date under green card test.

If you meet the green card test at any time during a calendar year, but do not meet the substantial presence test for that year, your residency starting date is the first day in the calendar year on which you are present in the United States as a lawful permanent resident.

If you meet both the substantial presence test and the green card test, your residency starting date is the earlier of the first day during the year you are present in the United States under the substantial presence test or as a lawful permanent resident.

Residency during the preceding year.

If you were a U.S. resident during any part of the preceding calendar year and you are a U.S. resident for any part of the current year, you will be considered a U.S. resident at the beginning of the current year. This applies whether you are a resident under the substantial presence test or green card test.

Example.

Robert Bach is a citizen of Switzerland. He came to the United States as a U.S. resident for the first time on May 1, 2001, and remained until November 5, 2001, when he returned to Switzerland. Robert came back to the United States on March 5, 2002, as a lawful permanent resident and still resides here. In calendar year 2002, Robert's U.S. residency is deemed to begin on January 1, 2002, because he qualified as a resident in calendar year 2001.

If you do not meet either the green card test or the substantial presence test for 2001 or 2002 and you did not choose to be treated as a resident for part of 2001, but you meet the substantial presence test for 2003, you can choose to be treated as a U.S. resident for part of 2002. To make this choice, you must:

When counting the days of presence in (1) and (2) above, do not count the days you were in the United States under any of the exceptions discussed earlier under Days of Presence in the United States.

If you make the first-year choice, your residency starting date for 2002 is the first day of the earliest 31-day period (described in (1) above) that you use to qualify for the choice. You are treated as a U.S. resident for the rest of the year. If you are present for more than one 31-day period and you satisfy condition (2) above for each of those periods, your residency starting date is the first day of the first 31-day period. If you are present for more than one 31-day period but you satisfy condition (2) above only for a later 31-day period, your residency starting date is the first day of the later 31-day period.

Example 1.

Juan DaSilva is a citizen of the Philippines. He came to the United States for the first time on November 1, 2002, and was here on 31 consecutive days (from November 1 through December 1, 2002). Juan returned to the Philippines on December 1 and came back to the United States on December 17, 2002. He stayed in the United States for the rest of the year. During 2003, Juan was a resident of the United States under the substantial presence test. Juan can make the first-year choice for 2002 because he was in the United States in 2002 for a period of 31 days in a row (November 1 through December 1) and for at least 75% of the days following (and including) the first day of his 31-day period (46 total days of presence in the United States divided by 61 days in the period from November 1 through December 31 equals 75.4%). If Juan makes the first-year choice, his residency starting date will be November 1, 2002.

Statement required to make the first-year choice.

You must attach a statement to Form 1040 to make the first-year choice. The statement must contain your name and address and specify the following.

That you are making the first-year choice.
That you were not a resident in 2001.
That you are a resident under the substantial presence test in 2003.
The number of days of presence in the United States during 2003.
The date or dates of your 31-day period of presence and the period of continuous presence in the United States during 2002.
The date or dates of absence from the United States during 2002 that you are treating as days of presence.

You cannot file Form 1040 or the statement until you meet the substantial presence test for 2003. If you have not met the test for 2003 as of April 15, 2003, you can request an extension of time for filing your 2002 Form 1040 until a reasonable period after you have met that test. To request an extension to file until August 15, 2003, use Form 4868, Application for Automatic Extension of Time To File U.S. Individual Income Tax Return. You can file the paper form or use one of the electronic filing options explained in the Form 4868 instructions. You should pay with this extension the amount of tax you expect to owe for 2002 figured as if you were a nonresident alien the entire year. You can use Form 1040NR or Form 1040NR–EZ to figure the tax. Enter the tax on Form 4868. If you do not pay the tax due, you will be charged interest on any tax not paid by the regular due date of your return, and you may be charged a penalty on the late payment. If you need more time after filing Form 4868, file Form 2688, Application for Additional Extension of Time To File U.S. Individual Income Tax Return.

Once you make the first-year choice, you may not revoke it without the approval of the Internal Revenue Service.

If you do not follow the procedures discussed here for making the first-year choice, you will be treated as a nonresident alien for all of 2002. However, this does not apply if you can show by clear and convincing evidence that you took reasonable actions to become aware of the filing procedures and significant steps to comply with the procedures.

If you are a dual-status alien, you can choose to be treated as a U.S. resident for the entire year if all of the following apply:

This includes situations in which both you and your spouse were nonresident aliens at the beginning of the tax year and both of you are resident aliens at the end of the tax year.

Making the choice.

You should attach a statement signed by both spouses to your joint return for the year of the choice. The statement must contain the following information.

A declaration that you both qualify to make the choice and that you choose to be treated as U.S. residents for the entire tax year.
The name, address, and taxpayer identification number (SSN or ITIN) of each spouse. (If one spouse died, include the name and address of the person who makes the choice for the deceased spouse.)

You generally make this choice when you file your joint return. However, you also can make the choice by filing Form 1040X. Attach Form 1040, Form 1040A, or Form 1040EZ and print “Amended” across the top of the corrected return. If you make the choice with an amended return, you and your spouse must also amend any returns that you may have filed after the year for which you made the choice.

You generally must file the amended joint return within 3 years from the date you filed your original U.S. income tax return or 2 years from the date you paid your income tax for that year, whichever is later.

If you were a U.S. resident in 2002 but are not a U.S. resident during any part of 2003, you cease to be a U.S. resident on your residency termination date. Your residency termination date is December 31, 2002, unless you qualify for an earlier date as discussed next.

Earlier residency termination date.

You may qualify for a residency termination date that is earlier than December 31. This date is:

The last day in 2002 that you are physically present in the United States, if you met the substantial presence test,
The first day in 2002 that you are no longer a lawful permanent resident of the United States, if you met the green card test, or
The later of (1) or (2), if you met both tests.

You can use this date only if, for the remainder of 2002, your tax home was in a foreign country and you had a closer connection to that foreign country. See Closer Connection to a Foreign Country, earlier.

A long-term resident who ceases to be a lawful permanent resident may be subject to special reporting requirements and tax provisions. See Expatriation Tax in chapter 4.

De minimis presence.

If you are a U.S. resident because of the substantial presence test and you qualify to use the earlier residency termination date, you can exclude up to 10 days of actual presence in the United States in determining your residency termination date. In determining whether you can exclude up to 10 days, the following rules apply.

You can exclude days from more than one period of presence as long as the total days in all periods are not more than 10.
You cannot exclude any days in a period of consecutive days of presence if all the days in that period cannot be excluded.
Although you can exclude up to 10 days of presence in determining your residency termination date, you must include those days when determining whether you meet the substantial presence test.

Example.

Lola Bovary is a citizen of Malta. She came to the United States for the first time on March 1, 2002, and resided here until August 25, 2002. On December 12, 2002, Lola came to the United States for vacation and stayed here until December 16, 2002, when she returned to Malta. She is able to establish a closer connection to Malta for the period December 12–16. Lola is not a U.S. resident for tax purposes during 2003 and can establish a closer connection to Malta for the rest of calendar year 2002. Lola is a U.S. resident under the substantial presence test for 2002 because she was present in the United States for 183 days (178 days for the period March 1 to August 25 plus 5 days in December). Lola's residency termination date is August 25, 2002.

Residency during the next year.

If you are a U.S. resident during any part of 2003 and you are a resident during any part of 2002, you will be taxed as a resident through the end of 2002. This applies whether you have a closer connection to a foreign country than the United States during 2002, and whether you are a resident under the substantial presence test or green card test.

Statement required to establish your residency termination date.

You must file a statement with the IRS to establish your residency termination date. You must sign and date this statement and include a declaration that it is made under penalties of perjury. The statement must contain the following information (as applicable).

Your name, address, U.S. taxpayer identification number (if any), and U.S. visa number (if any).
Your passport number and the name of the country that issued your passport.
The tax year for which the statement applies.
The last day that you were present in the United States during the year.
Sufficient facts to establish you have maintained your tax home in and that you have a closer connection to a foreign country following your last day of presence in the United States during the year or following the abandonment or rescission of your status as a lawful permanent resident during the year.
The date that your status as a lawful permanent resident was abandoned or rescinded.
Sufficient facts (including copies of relevant documents) to establish that your status as a lawful permanent resident has been abandoned or rescinded.
If you can exclude days under the de minimis presence rule, discussed earlier, include the dates of the days you are excluding and sufficient facts to establish that you have maintained your tax home in and that you have a closer connection to a foreign country during the period you are excluding.

If you do not file the required statement as explained above, you cannot claim that you have a closer connection to a foreign country or countries. This does not apply if you can show by clear and convincing evidence that you took reasonable actions to become aware of the requirements for filing the statement and significant steps to comply with those requirements.

If, at the end of your tax year, you are married and one spouse is a U.S. citizen or a resident alien and the other spouse is a nonresident alien, you can choose to treat the nonresident spouse as a U.S. resident. This includes situations in which one spouse is a nonresident alien at the beginning of the tax year, but a resident alien at the end of the year, and the other spouse is a nonresident alien at the end of the year.

If you make this choice, you and your spouse are treated for income tax purposes as residents for your entire tax year. Generally, neither you nor your spouse can claim tax treaty benefits as a resident of a foreign country for a tax year for which the choice is in effect and you are both taxed on worldwide income. You must file a joint income tax return for the year you make the choice, but you and your spouse can file joint or separate returns in later years.

If you file a joint return under this provision, the special instructions and restrictions for dual-status taxpayers in chapter 6 do not apply to you.

Example.

Bob and Sharon Williams are married and both are nonresident aliens at the beginning of the year. In June, Bob became a resident alien and remained a resident for the rest of the year. Bob and Sharon both choose to be treated as resident aliens by attaching a statement to their joint return. Bob and Sharon must file a joint return for the year they make the choice, but they can file either joint or separate returns for later years.

Attach a statement, signed by both spouses, to your joint return for the first tax year for which the choice applies. It should contain the following information.

Amended return.

You generally make this choice when you file your joint return. However, you can also make the choice by filing a joint amended return on Form 1040X. Attach Form 1040, Form 1040A, or Form 1040EZ and print “Amended” across the top of the corrected return. If you make the choice with an amended return, you and your spouse must also amend any returns that you may have filed after the year for which you made the choice.

The choice to be treated as a resident alien does not apply to any tax year (after the tax year you made the choice) if neither spouse is a U.S. citizen or resident alien at any time during the tax year.

Example.

Dick Brown was a resident alien on December 31, 1999, and married to Judy, a nonresident alien. They chose to treat Judy as a resident alien and filed joint 1999 and 2000 income tax returns. On January 10, 2001, Dick became a nonresident alien. Judy had remained a nonresident alien throughout the period. Dick and Judy could have filed joint or separate returns for 2001. However, since neither Dick nor Judy is a resident alien at any time during 2002, their choice is suspended for that year. If either has U.S. source income or foreign source income effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business in 2002, they must file separate returns as nonresident aliens. If Dick becomes a resident alien again in 2002, their choice is no longer suspended.

Once made, the choice to be treated as a resident applies to all later years unless suspended (as explained earlier under Suspending the Choice) or ended in one of the following ways.

If the choice is ended in one of the following ways, neither spouse can make this choice in any later tax year.

Revocation. Either spouse can revoke the choice for any tax year, provided he or she makes the revocation by the due date for filing the tax return for that tax year. The spouse who revokes must attach a signed statement declaring that the choice is being revoked. The statement must include the name, address, and identification number of each spouse. (If one spouse dies, include the name and address of the person who is revoking the choice for the deceased spouse.) The statement also must include a list of any states, foreign countries, and possessions that have community property laws in which either spouse is domiciled or where real property is located from which either spouse receives income. File the statement as follows.
1. If the spouse revoking the choice must file a return, attach the statement to the return for the first year the revocation applies.
2. If the spouse revoking the choice does not have to file a return, but does file a return (for example, to obtain a refund), attach the statement to the return.
3. If the spouse revoking the choice does not have to file a return and does not file a claim for refund, send the statement to the Internal Revenue Service Center where you filed the last joint return.
Death. The death of either spouse ends the choice, beginning with the first tax year following the year the spouse died. However, if the surviving spouse is a U.S. citizen or resident and is entitled to the joint tax rates as a surviving spouse, the choice will not end until the close of the last year for which these joint rates may be used. If both spouses die in the same tax year, the choice ends on the first day after the close of the tax year in which the spouses died.
Legal separation. A legal separation under a decree of divorce or separate maintenance ends the choice as of the beginning of the tax year in which the legal separation occurs.
Inadequate records. The Internal Revenue Service can end the choice for any tax year that either spouse has failed to keep adequate books, records, and other information necessary to determine the correct income tax liability, or to provide adequate access to those records.

If you are a nonresident alien from American Samoa or Puerto Rico, you may be treated as a resident alien.

If you are a nonresident alien in the United States and a bona fide resident of American Samoa or Puerto Rico during the entire tax year, you are taxed, with certain exceptions, according to the rules for resident aliens of the United States. For more information, see chapter 5.

If you are a nonresident alien from American Samoa or Puerto Rico who does not qualify as a bona fide resident of American Samoa or Puerto Rico for the entire tax year, you are taxed as a nonresident alien.

Resident aliens who formerly were bona fide residents of American Samoa or Puerto Rico are taxed according to the rules for resident aliens.

Nonresident Alien or Resident Alien?

Introduction

Topics - This chapter discusses:

Useful Items - You may want to see:

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