This chapter introduces you to 403(b) plans and accounts. Specifically, the chapter answers the following questions.
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What is a 403(b) plan?
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Who can participate in a 403(b) plan?
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Who can set up a 403(b) account?
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How can contributions be made to my 403(b) account?
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Do I report contributions on my tax return?
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How much can be contributed to my 403(b) account?
A 403(b) plan, also known as a tax-sheltered annuity (TSA) plan, is a retirement plan for certain employees of public schools,
employees of certain
tax-exempt organizations, and certain ministers.
Individual accounts in a 403(b) plan can be any of the following types.
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An annuity contract, which is a contract provided through an insurance company,
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A custodial account, which is an account invested in mutual funds, or
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A retirement income account set up for church employees. Generally, retirement income accounts can invest in either annuities
or mutual
funds.
Throughout this publication, wherever the term “403(b) account”
is used, it refers to any one of these funding arrangements, unless otherwise specified.
What are the Benefits of Contributing to a 403(b) Plan?
There are three benefits to contributing to a 403(b) plan.
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The first benefit is that you do not pay tax on allowable contributions in the year they are made. You do not pay tax on allowable
contributions until you begin making withdrawals from the plan, usually after you retire. Allowable contributions to a 403(b)
plan are either excluded
or deducted from your income.
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The second benefit is that earnings and gains on amounts in your 403(b) account are not taxed until you withdraw them.
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The third benefit is that you may be eligible to take a credit for elective deferrals contributed to your 403(b) account.
See chapter
10.
Excluded.
If an amount is excluded from your income, it is not included in your total wages on your Form W-2. This means that
you do not report the excluded
amount on your tax return.
Deducted.
If an amount is deducted from your income, it is included with your other wages on your Form W-2. You report this
amount on your tax return, but
you are allowed to subtract it when figuring the amount of income on which you must pay tax.
Who Can Participate in a 403(b) Plan?
Any eligible employee can participate in a 403(b) plan.
Eligible employees.
The following employees are eligible to participate in a 403(b) plan.
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Employees of tax-exempt organizations established under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. These organizations
are usually
referred to as section 501(c)(3) organizations or simply 501(c)(3) organizations.
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Employees of public school systems who are involved in the day-to-day operations of a school.
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Employees of cooperative hospital service organizations.
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Civilian faculty and staff of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS).
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Employees of public school systems organized by Indian tribal governments.
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Certain ministers (explained next).
Ministers.
The following ministers are eligible employees for whom a 403(b) account can be established.
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Ministers employed by section 501(c)(3) organizations.
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Self-employed ministers. A self-employed minister is treated as employed by a tax-exempt organization that is a qualified
employer.
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Ministers (chaplains) who meet both of the following requirements.
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They are employed by organizations that are not section 501(c)(3) organizations.
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They function as ministers in their day-to-day professional responsibilities with their employers.
Throughout this publication, the term “
chaplain” will be used to mean ministers described in the third category in the list above.
Example.
A minister employed as a chaplain by a state-run prison and a chaplain in the United States Armed Forces are eligible employees
because their
employers are not section 501(c)(3) organizations and they are employed as ministers.
Who Can Set Up a 403(b) Account?
You cannot set up your own 403(b) account. Only employers can set up 403(b) accounts. A self-employed minister cannot set
up a 403(b) account for
his or her benefit. If you are a self-employed minister, only the organization (denomination) with which you are associated
can set up an account for
your benefit.
How Can Contributions Be Made to My 403(b) Account?
Generally, only your employer can make contributions to your 403(b) account. However, some plans will allow you to make after-tax
contributions
(defined later).
The following types of contributions can be made to 403(b) accounts.
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Elective deferrals
. These are contributions made under a salary reduction agreement. This agreement allows your employer
to withhold money from your paycheck to be contributed directly into a 403(b) account for your benefit. You do not pay tax
on these contributions
until you withdraw them from the account.
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Nonelective contributions
. These are employer contributions that are not made under a salary reduction agreement.
Nonelective contributions include matching contributions, discretionary contributions, and mandatory contributions from your
employer. You do not pay
tax on these contributions until you withdraw them from the account.
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After-tax contributions
. These are contributions you make with funds that you must include in income on your tax return. A
salary payment on which income tax has been withheld is a source of these contributions. If your plan allows you to make after-tax
contributions, they
are not excluded from income and you cannot deduct them on your tax return.
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A combination of any of the three contribution types listed above.
Self-employed minister.
If you are a self-employed minister, you are considered both an employee and an employer, and you can contribute to
a retirement income account for
your own benefit.
Do I Report Contributions on My Tax Return?
Generally, you do not report contributions to your 403(b) account on your tax return. Your employer will report contributions
on your Form W-2.
Elective deferrals will be shown in box 12 and the “Retirement plan” box will be checked. If you are a self-employed minister or chaplain, see
the discussions below.
Self-employed ministers.
If you are a self-employed minister, you must report the total contributions as a deduction on your tax return. Deduct
your contributions on line
32 of Form 1040.
Chaplains.
If you are a chaplain and your employer does not exclude contributions made to your 403(b) account from your earned
income, you may be able to take
a deduction for those contributions on your tax return.
However, if your employer has agreed to exclude the contributions from your earned income, you will not be allowed
a deduction on your tax return.
If you can take a deduction, enter your contributions on line 35 of Form 1040. Write “
403(b)” on the dotted line next to line 35.
How Much Can Be Contributed to My 403(b) Account?
There are limits on the amount of contributions that can be made to your 403(b) account each year. If contributions made to
your 403(b) account are
more than these contribution limits, penalties may apply.
Chapters 2 through 6 provide information on how to determine the amount that can be contributed to your 403(b) account.
Worksheets are provided in chapter 9 to help you determine the maximum amount that can be contributed to your 403(b) account
each year. Chapter 7,
Excess Contributions, describes steps you can take to prevent excess contributions and to get an excess contribution corrected.
