Publication 970 (2005), Tax Benefits for Education

Introduction

You may be able to deduct qualified education expenses paid during the year for yourself, your spouse, or a dependent. You cannot claim this deduction if your filing status is married filing separately or if another person can claim an exemption for you as a dependent on his or her tax return. The qualified expenses must be for higher education, as explained later under Qualified Education Expenses.

What is the tax benefit of the tuition and fees deduction. The tuition and fees deduction can reduce the amount of your income subject to tax by up to $4,000.

This deduction is taken as an adjustment to income. This means you can claim this deduction even if you do not itemize deductions on Schedule A (Form 1040). This deduction may be beneficial to you if you cannot take either the Hope or lifetime learning credit because your income is too high.

Table 6-1 summarizes the features of the tuition and fees deduction.

You may be able to take the Hope or lifetime learning credit for your education expenses instead of a tuition and fees deduction. You can choose the one that will give you the lower tax. See chapters 2 and 3 for details about the credits.

Can You Claim the Deduction

The following rules will help you determine if you can claim the tuition and fees deduction.

Who Can Claim the Deduction

Generally, you can claim the tuition and fees deduction if all three of the following requirements are met.

You pay qualified education expenses of higher education.
You pay the education expenses for an eligible student.
The eligible student is yourself, your spouse, or a dependent for whom you claim an exemption on your tax return.

“Qualified education expenses” are defined on the next page under What Expenses Qualify. “Eligible students” are defined later under Who Is an Eligible Student. A “dependent for whom you claim an exemption” is defined later under Who Can Claim a Dependent's Expenses.

Who Cannot Claim the Deduction

You cannot claim the tuition and fees deduction if any of the following apply.

Your filing status is married filing separately.
Another person can claim an exemption for you as a dependent on his or her tax return. You cannot take the deduction even if the other person does not actually claim that exemption.
Your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is more than $80,000 ($160,000 if filing a joint return).
You were a nonresident alien for any part of the year and did not elect to be treated as a resident alien for tax purposes. More information on nonresident aliens can be found in Publication 519, U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens.
You or anyone else claims a Hope or lifetime learning credit in 2005 with respect to expenses of the student for whom the qualified education expenses were paid.

Table 6-1.

Tuition and Fees Deduction at a Glance

Do not rely on this table alone. Refer to the text for complete details.

Question		Answer
What is the maximum benefit?		You can reduce your income subject to tax by up to $4,000.
Where is the deduction taken?		As an adjustment to income on Form 1040 or 1040A.
For whom must the expenses be paid?		A student enrolled in an eligible educational institution who is either: •you, •your spouse, or •your dependent for whom you claim an exemption.
What tuition and fees are deductible?		Tuition and fees required for enrollment or attendance at an eligible postsecondary educational institution, but not including personal, living, or family expenses, such as room and board.

What Expenses Qualify

The tuition and fees deduction is based on qualified education expenses you pay for yourself, your spouse, or a dependent for whom you claim an exemption on your tax return. Generally, the deduction is allowed for qualified education expenses paid in 2005 in connection with enrollment at an institution of higher education during 2005 or for an academic period beginning in 2005 or in the first 3 months of 2006.

For example, if you paid $1,500 in December 2005 for qualified tuition for the Spring 2006 semester beginning in January 2006, you may be able to use that $1,500 in figuring your 2005 deduction.

Academic period. An academic period includes a semester, trimester, quarter, or other period of study (such as a summer school session) as reasonably determined by an educational institution. In the case of an educational institution that uses credit hours or clock hours and does not have academic terms, each payment period can be treated as an academic period.

Paid with borrowed funds. You can claim a tuition and fees deduction for qualified education expenses paid with the proceeds of a loan. You use the expenses to figure the deduction for the year in which the expenses are paid, not the year in which the loan is repaid. Treat loan payments sent directly to the educational institution as paid on the date the institution credits the student's account.

Student withdraws from class(es). You can claim a tuition and fees deduction for qualified education expenses not refunded when a student withdraws.

Qualified Education Expenses

For purposes of the tuition and fees deduction, qualified education expenses are tuition and certain related expenses required for enrollment or attendance at an eligible educational institution.

Eligible educational institution. An eligible educational institution is any college, university, vocational school, or other postsecondary educational institution eligible to participate in a student aid program administered by the Department of Education. It includes virtually all accredited public, nonprofit, and proprietary (privately owned profit-making) postsecondary institutions. The educational institution should be able to tell you if it is an eligible educational institution.

Certain educational institutions located outside the United States also participate in the U.S. Department of Education's Federal Student Aid (FSA) programs.

Related expenses. Student-activity fees and expenses for course-related books, supplies, and equipment are included in qualified education expenses only if the fees and expenses must be paid to the institution as a condition of enrollment or attendance.

In the following examples, assume that each student is an eligible student and each college or university an eligible educational institution.

Example 1.

Jackson is a sophomore in University V's degree program in dentistry. This year, in addition to tuition, he is required to pay a fee to the university for the rental of the dental equipment he will use in this program. Because the equipment rental fee must be paid to University V for enrollment and attendance, Jackson's equipment rental fee is a qualified expense.

Example 2.

Donna and Charles, both first-year students at College W, are required to have certain books and other reading materials to use in their mandatory first-year classes. The college has no policy about how students should obtain these materials, but any student who purchases them from College W's bookstore will receive a bill directly from the college. Charles bought his books from a friend, so what he paid for them is not a qualified education expense. Donna bought hers at College W's bookstore. Although Donna paid College W directly for her first-year books and materials, her payment is not a qualified education expense because the books and materials are not required to be purchased from College W for enrollment or attendance at the institution.

Example 3.

When Marci enrolled at College X for her freshman year, she had to pay a separate student activity fee in addition to her tuition. This activity fee is required of all students, and is used solely to fund on-campus organizations and activities run by students, such as the student newspaper and the student government. No portion of the fee covers personal expenses. Although labeled as a student activity fee, the fee is required for Marci's enrollment and attendance at College X. Therefore, it is a qualified expense.

No Double Benefit Allowed

You cannot do any of the following.

Deduct qualified education expenses you deduct under any other provision of the law, for example, as a business expense.
Deduct qualified education expenses for a student on your income tax return if you or anyone else claims a Hope or lifetime learning credit for that same student in the same year.
Deduct qualified education expenses that have been used to figure the tax-free portion of a distribution from a Coverdell education savings account (ESA) or a qualified tuition program (QTP). For a QTP, this applies only to the amount of tax-free earnings that were distributed, not to the recovery of contributions to the program. See Figuring the Taxable Portion of a Distribution in chapter 7 (Coverdell ESA) and in chapter 8 (QTP).
Deduct qualified education expenses that have been paid with tax-free interest on U.S. savings bonds (Form 8815). See Figuring the Tax-Free Amount in chapter 10.
Deduct qualified education expenses that have been paid with tax-free scholarship, grant, or employer- provided educational assistance. See the following section on Adjustments to Qualified Education Expenses.

Adjustments to Qualified Education Expenses

If you pay qualified education expenses with certain tax-free funds, you cannot claim a deduction for those amounts. You must reduce the qualified education expenses by the amount of any tax-free educational assistance and refund(s) you received.

Tax-free educational assistance. This includes:

The tax-free part of scholarships and fellowships (see chapter 1),
Pell grants (see chapter 1),
Employer-provided educational assistance (see chapter 11),
Veterans' educational assistance (see chapter 1), and
Any other nontaxable (tax-free) payments (other than gifts or inheritances) received as educational assistance.

Refunds. Qualified education expenses do not include expenses for which you, or someone else who paid qualified education expenses on behalf of a student, receive a refund. (For information on expenses paid by a dependent student or third party, see Who Can Claim a Dependent's Expenses, later.)

If a refund of expenses paid in 2005 is received before you file your tax return for 2005, simply reduce the amount of the expenses paid by the amount of the refund received. If the refund is received after you file your 2005 tax return, see When Must the Deduction Be Repaid (Recaptured), at the end of this chapter.

You are considered to receive a refund of expenses when an eligible educational institution refunds loan proceeds to the lender on behalf of the borrower. Follow the above instructions according to when you are considered to receive the refund.

Amounts that do not reduce qualified education expenses. Do not reduce qualified education expenses by amounts paid with funds the student receives as:

Payment for services, such as wages,
A loan,
A gift,
An inheritance, or
A withdrawal from the student's personal savings.

Do not reduce the qualified education expenses by any scholarship or fellowship reported as income on the student's tax return in the following situations.

The use of the money is restricted to costs of attendance (such as room and board) other than qualified education expenses.
The use of the money is not restricted and is used to pay education expenses that are not qualified (such as room and board).

Example 1.

In 2005, Jackie paid $3,000 for tuition and $5,000 for room and board at University X. The university did not require her to pay any fees in addition to her tuition in order to enroll in or attend classes. To help pay these costs, she was awarded a $2,000 scholarship and a $4,000 student loan.

The terms of the scholarship state that it may be used to pay any of Jackie's college expenses. Because she applied it toward her tuition, the scholarship is tax free. Therefore, for purposes of figuring the tuition and fees deduction, she must first use the $2,000 scholarship to reduce her tuition (her only qualified education expense). The student loan is not tax-free educational assistance, so she does not use it to reduce her qualified expenses. Jackie is treated as having paid $1,000 in qualified education expenses ($3,000 tuition - $2,000 scholarship) in 2005.

Example 2.

The facts are the same as in Example 1, except that Jackie uses the $2,000 scholarship to pay room and board and, therefore, reports her entire scholarship as income on her tax return. In this case, the scholarship is allocated to expenses other than qualified education expenses. Jackie is treated as paying the entire $3,000 tuition with other funds, and can figure her tuition and fees deduction on the entire $3,000.

Expenses That Do Not Qualify

Qualified education expenses do not include amounts paid for:

Insurance,
Medical expenses (including student health fees),
Room and board,
Transportation, or
Similar personal, living, or family expenses.

This is true even if the amount must be paid to the institution as a condition of enrollment or attendance.

Sports, games, hobbies, and noncredit courses. Qualified education expenses generally do not include expenses that relate to any course of instruction or other education that involves sports, games or hobbies, or any noncredit course. However, if the course of instruction or other education is part of the student's degree program, these expenses can qualify.

Comprehensive or bundled fees. Some eligible educational institutions combine all of their fees for an academic period into one amount. If you do not receive or do not have access to an allocation showing how much you paid for qualified education expenses and how much you paid for personal expenses, such as those listed above, contact the institution. The institution is required to make this allocation and provide you with the amount you paid (or were billed) for qualified education expenses on Form 1098-T, Tuition Statement. See Figuring the Deduction, later, for more information about Form 1098-T.

Who Is an Eligible Student

For purposes of the tuition and fees deduction, an eligible student is a student who is enrolled in one or more courses at an eligible educational institution (as defined under Qualified Education Expenses, earlier). The student must have either a high school diploma or a General Educational Development (GED) credential.

Who Can Claim a Dependent's Expenses

Generally, in order to claim the tuition and fees deduction for qualified education expenses for a dependent, you must:

Have paid the expenses, and
Claim an exemption for the student as a dependent.

For you to be able to deduct qualified education expenses for your dependent, you must claim an exemption for that individual. You do this by listing your dependent's name and other required information on Form 1040 (or Form 1040A), line 6c.

IF your dependent is an eligible student and you...	AND...	THEN...
claim an exemption for your dependent	you paid all qualified education expenses for your dependent	only you can deduct the qualified education expenses that you paid. Your dependent cannot take a deduction.
claim an exemption for your dependent	your dependent paid all qualified education expenses	no one is allowed to take a deduction.
do not claim an exemption for your dependent, but are eligible to	you paid all qualified education expenses	no one is allowed to take a deduction.
do not claim an exemption for your dependent, but are eligible to	your dependent paid all qualified education expenses	no one is allowed to take a deduction.
are not eligible to claim an exemption for your dependent	you paid all qualified education expenses	only your dependent can deduct the amount you paid. The amount you paid is treated as a gift to your dependent.
are not eligible to claim an exemption for your dependent	your dependent paid all qualified education expenses	only your dependent can take a deduction.

Expenses paid by dependent. If your dependent pays qualified education expenses and you can claim an exemption for your dependent on your tax return, no one can take a tuition and fees deduction for those expenses. Neither you nor your dependent can deduct the expenses. For purposes of the tuition and fees deduction, you are not treated as paying any expenses actually paid by a dependent for whom you or anyone other than the dependent can claim an exemption. This rule applies even if you do not claim an exemption for your dependent on your tax return.

Expenses paid by you. If you claim an exemption for a dependent who is an eligible student, only you can include any expenses you paid when figuring your tuition and fees deduction. If neither you nor anyone else can claim an exemption for a dependent who is an eligible student, the dependent can include any expenses you paid when figuring the amount of his or her tuition and fees deduction.

Expenses paid under divorce decree. Qualified education expenses paid directly to an eligible educational institution for a student under a court-approved divorce decree are treated as paid by the student. Only the student would be eligible to take a tuition and fees deduction for that payment, and then only if no one else could claim an exemption for the student.

Expenses paid by others. Someone other than you, your spouse, or your dependent (such as a relative or former spouse) may make a payment directly to an eligible educational institution to pay for an eligible student's qualified education expenses. In this case, the student is treated as receiving the payment from the other person and, in turn, paying the institution. If you claim, or can claim, an exemption on your tax return for the student, you are not considered to have paid the expenses and you cannot deduct them. If the student is not a dependent, only the student can deduct payments made directly to the institution for his or her expenses. If the student is your dependent, no one can deduct the payments.

Example.

In 2005, Ms. Baker makes a payment directly to an eligible educational institution for her grandson Dan's qualified education expenses. For purposes of deducting tuition and fees, Dan is treated as receiving the money as a gift from his grandmother and, in turn, paying his own qualified education expenses.

If an exemption cannot be claimed for Dan on anyone else's tax return, only Dan can claim a tuition and fees deduction for his grandmother's payment. If someone else can claim an exemption for Dan, no one will be allowed a deduction for Ms. Baker's payment.

Tuition reduction. When an eligible educational institution provides a reduction in tuition to an employee of the institution (or spouse or dependent child of an employee), the amount of the reduction may or may not be taxable. If it is taxable, the employee is treated as receiving a payment of that amount and, in turn, paying it to the educational institution on behalf of the student. For more information on tuition reductions, see Qualified Tuition Reduction in chapter 1.

Figuring the Deduction

The maximum tuition and fees deduction in 2005 is $4,000, $2,000, or $0, depending on the amount of your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI). See Effect of the Amount of Your Income on the Amount of Your Deduction, on the next page.

Form 1098-T. To help you figure your tuition and fees deduction, you should receive Form 1098-T. Generally, an eligible educational institution (such as a college or university) must send Form 1098-T (or acceptable substitute) to each enrolled student by January 31, 2006. An institution may choose to report either payments received (box 1), or amounts billed (box 2), for qualified education expenses. In addition, your Form 1098-T should give you other information for that institution, such as adjustments made for prior years, the amount of scholarships or grants, reimbursements or refunds, and whether you were enrolled at least half-time or were a graduate student.

The eligible educational institution may ask for a completed Form W-9S, Request for Student's or Borrower's Taxpayer Identification Number and Certification, or similar statement to obtain the student's name, address, and taxpayer identification number.

Effect of the Amount of Your Income on the Amount of Your Deduction

If your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is not more than $65,000 ($130,000 if you are married filing jointly), your maximum tuition and fees deduction is $4,000. If your MAGI is larger than $65,000 ($130,000), but is not more than $80,000 ($160,000 if you are married filing jointly), your maximum deduction is $2,000. No tuition and fees deduction is allowed if your MAGI is larger than $80,000 ($160,000).

Modified adjusted gross income (MAGI). For most taxpayers, MAGI is adjusted gross income (AGI) as figured on their federal income tax return.

MAGI when using Form 1040A. If you file Form 1040A, your MAGI is the AGI on line 22 of that form, figured without taking into account any amount on line 19 (Tuition and fees deduction).

MAGI when using Form 1040. If you file Form 1040, your MAGI is the AGI on line 38 of that form, figured without taking into account any amount on line 34 (Tuition and fees deduction) or line 35 (Domestic production activities deduction), and modified by adding back any:

Foreign earned income exclusion,
Foreign housing exclusion,
Foreign housing deduction,
Exclusion of income for bona fide residents of American Samoa, and
Exclusion of income from Puerto Rico.

Table 6-2 shows how the amount of your MAGI can affect your tuition and fees deduction.

Table 6-2.

Effect of MAGI on Maximum Tuition and Fees Deduction

IF your filing status is...	AND your MAGI is...	THEN your maximum tuition and fees deduction is...
single, head of household, or	not more than $65,000	$4,000.
single, head of household, or	more than $65,000 but not more than $80,000	$2,000.
qualifying widow(er)	more than $80,000	$0.
married filing joint return	not more than $130,000	$4,000.
married filing joint return	more than $130,000 but not more than $160,000	$2,000.
	more than $160,000	$0.

You can use Worksheet 6-1 to figure your MAGI.

Claiming the Deduction

You claim a tuition and fees deduction by entering the amount you have figured on Form 1040, line 34, or Form 1040A, line 19.

When Must the Deduction Be Repaid (Recaptured)

If, after you file your 2005 tax return, you or someone else receives tax-free educational assistance for, or a refund of, an expense you used to figure a tuition and fees deduction on that return, you may have to repay all or part of the deduction. This applies to assistance and refunds received by the individual claiming the deduction, and, in the case of a student who claims the deduction, refunds received by anyone else who paid such expenses for the student.

You must include the assistance or refund in income in the year you receive it to the extent that the deduction of the refunded amount reduced your tax in 2005. See Non-Itemized Deduction Recoveries in Publication 525, Taxable and Nontaxable Income, for more information. Your 2005 tax return does not change.

Worksheet 6-1.

MAGI for the Tuition and Fees Deduction

(Keep for Your Records)

Use this worksheet instead of the worksheet in the Form 1040 instructions if you are filing Form 2555, 2555-EZ, or 4563, or you are excluding income from sources within Puerto Rico. Before using this worksheet, you must complete Form 1040, lines 7 through 33 and figure any amount to be entered on the dotted line next to line 36.

1.	Enter the amount from Form 1040, line 22		1.
2.	Enter the total from Form 1040, lines 23 through 33	2.
3.	Enter any amount entered on the dotted line next to Form 1040, line 36	3.
4.	Add the amounts on lines 2 and 3		4.
5.	Subtract the amount on line 4 from the amount on line 1		5.
6.	Enter your foreign earned income exclusion and/or housing exclusion (Form 2555, line 43, or Form 2555-EZ, line 18)		6.
7.	Enter your foreign housing deduction (Form 2555, line 48)		7.
8.	Enter the amount of income from Puerto Rico you are excluding		8.
9.	Enter the amount of income from American Samoa you are excluding (Form 4563, line 15)		9.
10.	Add the amounts on lines 5 through 9. This is your modified adjusted gross income			10.
	Note. If the amount on line 10 is more than $80,000 ($160,000 if married filing jointly), you cannot take the deduction for tuition and fees.

6. Tuition and Fees Deduction